Baracca, Francesco

     
Příjmení:
Surname:
Baracca Baracca
Jméno:
Given Name:
Francesco Francesco
Jméno v originále:
Original Name:
Francesco Baracca
Fotografie či obrázek:
Photograph or Picture:
Hodnost:
Rank:
major Major
Akademický či vědecký titul:
Academic or Scientific Title:
- -
Šlechtický titul:
Hereditary Title:
- -
Datum, místo narození:
Date and Place of Birth:
09.05.1888 Lugo di Romagna /
09.05.1888 Lugo di Romagna /
Datum, místo úmrtí:
Date and Place of Decease:
19.06.1918 poblíž Mount Montello /
19.06.1918 near Mount Montello /
Nejvýznamnější funkce:
(maximálně tři)
Most Important Appointments:
(up to three)
Velitel 10. stíhací skupiny Commander of 10th Fighter Group
Jiné významné skutečnosti:
(maximálně tři)
Other Notable Facts:
(up to three)
Nejúspěšnější italské stíhací eso 1. světové války (34 vítězství)
padl v boji
Italian's most successful fighter ace in WW1 (34 Claims)
Killed in Action
Související články:
Related Articles:
Zdroje:
Sources:
www.theaerodrome.com
http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Baracca
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Baracca-Francesco-t17159#353436 Version : 0
Major Francesco Baracca


Because Italy did not receive guarantees of territorial gains from the Triple Alliance at the beginning of the war, it declared its neutrality on 3 August 1914, despite German pressure. This was a severe blow to the Triple Alliance. However, it was a great help to France because it allowed her to disband her defences in the southern Alps and concentrate on fighting the Germans. Italy held secret negotiations with both sides. The Triple Agreement promised her territory at the expense of Austria-Hungary. Therefore, on 28 May 1915, Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary. It did not declare war on Germany until 28 August 1916.


The war on the newly created southern front was no different from the fighting on the eastern or western front. Here, too, a line of fortifications was created and a war of position was thus waged. Italy carried out 11 offensives on the Sochi River without success. The front, however, tied up 800,000 Austrian troops and perfected the blockade of Germany, for now the Germans could no longer use Italian transportation hubs. And here too, of course, the fighting was in the air.


The first great Italian fighter ace was Francesco Baracca. He was born on May 9 in Lugo di Romagna (near Ravenna). Even at a young age, he was enchanted by a military career. After finishing high school in Florence, he enrolled at the military academy (Scuola Militare) in Modena in 1907, despite his parents' opposition. After successfully completing his studies and continuing his training, and in 1910, at the age of 22, he served in the 2nd Cavalry Regiment.


Two years later, however, he became enchanted by "flying apparatus", the latest cry of technology. On 28 April 1912, he enrolled in the flying school at Riems, France. Baracca successfully served his test on July 9 of that year and thus received French pilot's decree number 1037.


After returning to Italy, Baracca continued his training - he flew a number of types of aircraft and on December 8, 1912, he also received his Italian military pilot's diploma. Later, Baracca underwent pilot instruction, during which he completed many training flights, thus deepening his flying experience.


This was to come in very handy in the coming world conflict. When Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on 24 May 1915, Baracca was in Paris, where he was engaged in testing French aircraft for possible purchase by Italy.


On his return to Italy, Baracca was assigned to the 5th Squadron (5a Squadriglia). During the summer, Baracca was transferred to 8a Squadriglia based at Aviano airfield in northern Italy. With both of these units he flew two-seat Nieuports 10s manufactured under license by the Italians. Although these were two-seat machines, and thus primarily reconnaissance aircraft, the Italian Air Force had a shortage of single-seat fighters, and so the Nieuport 10s often helped out in this role.


This was also the case on 7 September 1915, when Baracca was conducting a patrol flight with a Nieuport 10 at an altitude of 1200 m over Udine. Here fierce Italian anti-aircraft fire alerted him to an Austrian two-seat observation aircraft. It was the first time Baracca had encountered the enemy in the air. He attempted to climb up to the enemy, but the enemy observer drove them off with fire. Baracca continues to attack, but is hit several times by his machine, and Baracca prefers to disengage. Despite the infamous outcome of the engagement, it was officially the first air combat of the Italian Air Force.


The very next week, Baracca fought another enemy machine, but this time he was betrayed by a jammed machine gun...


In the spring of 1916, 8a Squadriglia is redesignated 70a Squadriglia and rearmed with new fighter Nieuports 11.


Baracca quickly became accustomed to them, and on 7 April 1916 he won the first verified aerial victory for the Italian Air Force. At that time he attacked an Austro-Hungarian Hansa-Brandenburg C.I 61.57 machine that was bombing the Italian airfield at Casarsa. The Austrian machine tried to flee, but Baracca hit it with a precision shot. Observer and commander of the Austrian aircraft Oblt. Franz Lenarcic suffers severe injuries, while the pilot, Zugsführer Adolf Ott, himself lightly wounded, opts for an emergency landing on Italian territory near San Giovani di Manzano in a hopeless situation. As was still customary at the time, Baracca lands next to the downed machine to pay his respects to the defeated crew, who are being sent to a prisoner-of-war camp. The observer Lenarcic later succumbed to his injuries...

The second confirmed kill was credited to Baracca on 16 May 1916. On that day, around 4am, a group of 14 Austrian bombers attacked the Italian position. When the first bombs fell, Baracca was still asleep, but in a moment the Italian Nieuports were already taking off against the enemy. In the ensuing aerial battle, the Italian pilots managed to shoot down three Austrian machines, one of which was scored by Baracca.


On 23 August Baracca achieved his third and on 16 September his fourth victory. He soon became well known on both sides of the front thanks to this marking.


On New Year's Day 1917, Baracca shot down his sixth opponent and during the same operational flight, another battle occurred, but one that was very different from all the previous ones. For the first time, the Baracca fought a fighter, not a two-seat reconnaissance or bombing machine. It was a Hansa-Brandenburg CC (A.12) flying boat.), at the controls of which sat the most successful Austro-Hungarian naval aviator Gottfried Freiherr von Banfield, at the time an ace with eight kills (by the end of the war 9 confirmed and 11 unconfirmed victories).


He himself described the events of 1 January 1917 as follows:"It was a beautiful day on the first of January 1917 and I decided to take a pleasure flight in my flying boat A.12After 30 minutes of happy flying I was suddenly attacked by an Italian Nieuport fighter. I was really angry that its pilot wanted to ruin my beautiful pleasure of flying. I turned away from the enemy thinking that he would understand that he was ruining my happy moments. But of course, he skillfully took advantage of the situation. For almost an hour we chased each other in a circle, neither of us gaining any advantage. Eventually, we both gave up the fight with mutual acknowledgement. The Italian started dive-bombing to the west, and I to the southeast. Before that, however, we flew close together, and I noticed the two black horses painted on the aeroplane and the fact that the Italian pilot was giving me a nod! I gladly returned the gesture and felt some sympathy for him. The pilot was F. Baracca!"


Interestingly, G. von Banfield was so exhausted by the fight that after landing in the bay of Trieste and his plane was tied up at the pier, he fell unluckily on the machine gun of his own machine while getting out of the plane and by an incredible coincidence fired a shot that badly injured his tibial muscle and so Banfield had to spend the next two months in hospital.

On February 11, 1917, Baracca was disturbed from his lunch by an alarm siren. Two Albatrosses were spotted over Udine. Baracca took off at lightning speed and shot down one of them. His seventh victory was witnessed by King Victor Emmanuel III, who visited Santa Caterina airport the following day to congratulate Baracca in person. On the same day, Lieutenant Francesco Baracca was promoted to the rank of captain and decorated for the third time with the Medaglia al Valore Militare. At the same time he received a solid financial reward, which he immediately donated to the Red Cross.


On 1 May 1917 Baracca achieved his ninth kill and on 10 May he became a double ace. This Baracca's tenth victory was also the last achieved on Nieuport machines, as shortly after landing he was appointed commander of 91a Squadriglia at Santa Caterina equipped with brand new Spad S.VII in addition to Nieuports.


On 13 May 1917, Baracca scored his first kill and 11th overall victory in his new Spad. He continues to pile up his victories, and by the end of May he is appointed commander of Xa Gruppo (10th Fighter Group), which included 70a, 78a and 82a Squadriglia in addition to his 91a Squadriglia, which moved to Istrana airfield under his command. Over the summer of 1917, Baracca then increased his number of victories to 19.


In the autumn of 1917, the intensity of air combat in northern Italy increased sharply. Baracca proved that he was not only a great aviator, but also an excellent tactician. He pretended to fly away, and when he seemed to move out of sight of his enemies, the moment he reached the necessary altitude, he turned and launched an attack. He dove through the fighter escort and with one long burst literally "swept" both reconnaissance machines out of the sky.


The extensive aerial reconnaissance was in preparation for the joint Austro-German offensive that began on October 24, 1917. Pilots from both sides fought hard in the air. On 25 October Baracca's Squadriglia shot down six enemy aircraft and paid for it with the loss of two pilots.


Baracca scored his 23rd and 24th kills the following day. He clashed with a pair of Austrian reconnaissance aircraft, probably of the Aviatik C.I. type. While Baracca shot down one of them, he exposed himself to observer fire from the other machine. This too soon crashed after hits from Baracca's machine gun, but Baracca himself was now in serious trouble. He had to make a quick emergency landing, and upon landing it turned out that the wings, propeller blades, fuel tank (!) and engine were shot through. However, Baracco's win count rose to 24.


Now, meanwhile, all hell was breaking loose on the ground. The Austro-German offensive intended to break through the Italian lines at Caporetto and thus defeat the Italians for good. The Italian defenses collapsed, leaving ample room for the Austrian troops to advance. Here, however, their advance was halted by fierce Italian resistance, inadequate materiel and lack of reinforcements. Meanwhile, 91a Squadriglia was moved to Pordenone and rearmed with more powerful Spad S.XIII. The enthusiasm among the pilots knew no bounds - they finally equalled the superiority of the Austrian Albatrosses.


On December 7, 1917, F. Baracca achieved his 30th kill and last victory of the year. After this victory, Baracca was sent on "working leave" to the Ansaldo company to test new aircraft. In March, Baracca returned to his unit. Before that, however, he was decorated with the highest Italian order, the "Medaglia d Oro al Valor Militare", in a ceremony at the La Scala Opera House in Milan, and promoted to the rank of major.


Between 3 May and 15 June, Baracca scored four more kills. Attacking ground targets is not exactly an appealing activity for fighters, but the airmen did not hesitate to rush to the aid of their comrades. A three-man formation led by F. Baracca took to the air. The planes swooped down over the Austrian positions and showered them with machine gun fire. When they repeated the attack, however, the Austrian troops had recovered and all barrels were now pointing towards the air raiders. All three Spads were hit many times and Baracca signalled his airmen to disperse. All three machines took off in different directions. That was the moment Baracca was last seen. It was only after a long search, which became more intense after the retreat of the Austrian troops from the sector, that the charred wreckage of Baracca's Spad S.XIII was found. The pilot's body was lying nearby, not burnt, but his forehead had been shot through...


Many theories have emerged about the death of such a famous aviator as Francesco Baracca. Today, the one that is usually cited as the most likely is the one that was published in the Austrian news shortly after Baracca's death. It stated that Baracca had attacked an Austrian two-seat Phönix C.I observation aircraft from Flik 28D (Fliegerkompanie - air unit), piloted by Max Kauer and commanded by the observer Oberleutnant Arnold Barwig, who defended against Baracca's attack by firing his mobile machine gun. This time he was luckier and had better aim. Both Austrian pilots reported a collision with the Italian Spad after landing, and the reported location of the fight later turned out to be identical to the wreckage of Baracca's aircraft.


Major Francesco Baracca was buried on 30 June 1918 in Lugo di Romagna with full military honours. On his last journey he was accompanied by the roar of Italian military aircraft flying over the funeral procession, whose pilots were thus paying their last respects to their most successful aviator...


Articles:


J. Zahalka, P. A. Tesar: Maggiore Francesco Baracca, HPM 4, vol. 1994


www.theaerodrome.com
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Baracca-Francesco-t17159#62969 Version : 0
Maggiore (Major) Francesco Baracca


Seznam vítězství:

     
Pořadí Datum sestřelu / Čas Jednotka Na letounu Nepřítel Místo sestřelu
1.07. 04. 1916 / 17:20 1a Nieuport 11 Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (FTL) Medeuzza
2.16. 05. 1916 1a - Lohner B.VII Gorizia
3.23. 08. 1916 1a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (1 Gorizia/Carso
4.16. 09. 1916 70a - Lloyd C.III (2Staro Stelo
5.25. 11. 1916 / 11:25 70a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Chiarzó
6.01. 01. 1917 / 16:00 70a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Castagnevizza
7.11. 03. 1917 / 12:00 70a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (3 Selvis Ozzano
8.26. 04. 1917 / 11:00 70a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (4 Severně od Martino del Carso
9.01. 05. 1917 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Nebresina
10. 10. 05. 1917 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Vertoiba
11. 13. 05. 1917 /10:15 91a SPAD VII Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (129.20) Monte Corada
12. 20. 05. 1917 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Východně od Plava/Globua
13.03. 06. 1917 /09:30 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Plava/Monte Cucco
14.07. 07. 1917 / 20:30 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Castagnevizza
15. 31. 07. 1917 / 06:30 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Oslavia/Peuma
16. 03. 08. 1917 / 09:50 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (5 Wochein Val di Sava
17. 19. 08. 1917 / 07:25 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Severo východně od Selo
18. 01. 09. 1917 / 19:40 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Ternova
19. 06. 09. 1917 / 18:30 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (6 Monte Sabotino
20. 22. 10. 1917 91a - DFW C.V Ravne
21. 22. 10. 1917 91a - Text Chiapovano
22. 25. 10. 1917 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (7 Panovizza
23. 26. 10. 1917 / 11:15 91a - DFW C.V (8 Clabuzzano
24. 26. 10. 1917 / 12:00 91a - DFW C.V Severně od Pietro Natisone
25. 06. 11. 1917 / 10:30 91a - Albatros D.III Fossalta
26. 06. 11. 1917 / 11:00 91a - DFW C.V Godega
27. 07. 11. 1917 / 11:45 91a - DFW C.V Near Orsago
28. 15. 11. 1917 / 12:30 91a - DFW C.V Istrana
29. 23. 11. 1917 / 15:00 91a - Albatros D.III Falzé di Piave
30. 07. 11. 1917 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Monte Kaberlaba
31. 03. 05. 1918 / 11:00 91a - Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (369.28) (9 Grave di Papadopoli
32. 22. 05. 1918 / 09:50 91a - Albatros D.III Borgo Malanotte
33. 15. 06. 1918 / 12:30 91a SPAD XIII Hansa-Brandenburg C.I Východně od Saletto
34. 15. 06. 1918 / 12:45 91a SPAD XIII Albatros D.III Severně od Biagio di Collalto



Poznámky:
1) Ve spolupráci s Fulco Ruffo di Calabria
2) Ve spolupráci s Fulco Ruffo di Calabria a Luigi Olivari
3) Ve spolupráci s Fulco Ruffo di Calabria, Gorini a Poli
4) Ve spolupráci s Gorini
5) Ve spolupráci s Flavio Baracchini
6) Ve spolupráci s Giovanni Sabelli
7) Ve spolupráci s Pier Piccio
8) Ve spolupráci s Giorgio Pessi
9) Ve spolupráci s Guido Nardini



Jeho 11. sestřeleným letounem byl Hansa-Brandenburg C.I (129.20), jenž pilotovalFeldwebel Julius Busa.
Jeho 25. sestřeleným letounem byl Albatros D.III, jenž pilotovalOberleutnant Rudolf Szepessy- Sokoll.


Zdroje:
www.theaerodrome.com
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Baracca-Francesco-t17159#353437 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Portrétní snímek nejúspěšnějšího italského stíhacího esa.


Na druhé fotografii Baracca pózuje před svým letounem. Jedná se o Spad S.XIII počáteční produkce se zaoblenými konci křídel. Na boku trupu je osobní Baraccův emblém - vzpínající se černý hřebec. K tomuto znaku se váže pozoruhodný příběh. V roce 1923 se s Francescovými rodiči seznámil Enzo Ferrari, budoucí konstruktér slavných sportovních automobilů. Tehdy hovořil o svých plánech s Francescovou matkou, která mu řekla: "...Dejte na vůz koně mého syna. Přinese vám štěstí." Ferrari se zařídil dle její rady a za znak své automobilky skutečně zvolil Baraccova černého hřebce, kterého vložil do žlutého štítu podle erbu své rodné Modeny. Znak zdobí sportovní vozy Ferrari dodnes a mohu-li soudit, opravdu nosí štěstí.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Baracca-Francesco-t17159#62994 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Len dve krátke poznámočky:
1. Spolu s Barracom leteli na pomoc 48.pešej divízii ešte poručíci Osnaghi a Constantini.
2. Barracovo telo a trosky jeho lietadla našli po úspešnej spojeneckej ofenzíve koncom vojny vojaci poručíka Ranzu.
zdroj: Václav Kubec - Posledné záhadné okamžiky - L+K 3/70
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Baracca-Francesco-t17159#121282 Version : 0
Discussion post Fact post
Attachments

Join us

We believe that there are people with different interests and experiences who could contribute their knowledge and ideas. If you love military history and have experience in historical research, writing articles, editing text, moderating, creating images, graphics or videos, or simply have a desire to contribute to our unique system, you can join us and help us create content that will be interesting and beneficial to other readers.

Find out more