Hawker Typhoon

Přehled verzí
Hawker Typhoon

Hawker Typhoon 1st prototype


Hawker Typhoon Mk.IA
A fighter aircraft with a powerful but unreliable Napier Sabre I engine (1,566 kW - 2,100 hp) that was armed with 12 Browning 7.7 mm caliber machine guns.



Hawker Typhoon Mk.IB
Version in which the machine guns were replaced by 4 Hispano 20 mm caliber cannons. Progressively more powerful and reliable Napier Sabre IIA (1,625 kW - 2,180 hp), Sabre IIB (1,640 kW - 2,200 hp) and Sabre IIC (1,685 kW - 2,260 hp) engines were used. Later aircraft of this version had a drop-shaped cockpit canopy with better rearward visibility, were equipped with slings for 2 x 454 kg bombs or 8 unguided rockets, and were mainly used as fighter-bombers.


Hawker Typhoon FR Mk.IB

A research version that was converted from the Mk.IB machines. The modification consisted of fitting cameras to the fuselage and wings, from which the internal guns were removed.


Hawker Typhoon NF Mk.IB

Night fighter version which was not mass produced, only 1 prototype was created by fitting AI Mk.VI radar to the Mk.IB version machine.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Hawker-Typhoon-t21128#80168 Version : 0

Hawker Typhoon[/heading]

Build specifications


12. October 1937 flew the first mass-produced fighter aircraft Hawker Hurricane Mk.I. Sn. L1547 this year, however, already in the design offices of the company Hawker Aircraft Co. Ltd. in Kingston (the only Hawker) from march worked with the design team, who led the successful chief designer Sydney Camm (later sir Sydney), on the study of a new fighter aircraft. The chief designer had good information about the upcoming high-performance engines, which developed a motorcycle company Rolls-Royce in Crewe and David Napier & Son Ltd. Sydney Camm for its study chose engine company Napier. This study was subsequently submitted to the Ministry of aviation, where she was very closely examined and subjected to criticism. Ministry officers were not interested in the multi-purpose fighter, which proposed Camm, here it was argued that it will be in production soon included Supermarine Spitfire, that will meet pažadavky on fighter aircraft. The ministry of aviation based on an analysis of cam's study compiled in January 1938, the specifications that have been marked as F.18/37. Through these specifications of the ministry has specified the technical requirements for a new high performance interceptor fighter aircraft for the medium and large height, the new fighter aircraft should in the future complement is classified fighters Hurricane and Spitfire that had its massive armament to destroy enemy bombers. The requirements for a new fighter were high, the maximum speed should be at least 400 mph at a height of 15 000 ft (644 km/h at a height of 4 572 m), the machine had to bear the armament of twelve guns Browning Mk.II the caliber of 7.7 mm, for each machine-gun was required to supply 500 rounds of ammunition. At the same time was established the condition of possibility of placing alternative equipment (in the Uk, not yet available, effective and above all reliable weapon a larger caliber). The requirement for agility and maneuverability was secondary.

Specified were also the power unit, it was the engines, from which it was possible to shortly expect to achieve a performance of 2 000 hp (1 491 kW). Design teams as has been recommended by the trinity right at and often even untested engines.
The first and by the ministry of the most protégé type was čtyřiadvacetiválcový engine Rolls-Royce Vulture. The engine of the Vulture, if everything simplifies, was actually a fusion of two forked dvanáctiválců Rolls-Royce Peregrine. Roughly this connection, we can introduce so that the two engines of the Peregrine were each angle of rotation of 180°, connected by a crankshaft, and two forked engines we have a engine, which had cylinders arranged in the shape of the letter X. The displacement of the new engine was 42,47 l, the first prototype was tested in may 1937.
The second possible variant of the engine was the Napier Sabre, again it was about čtyřiadvacetiválec with the cylinders arranged in the shape of a ležatého the letter H. This engine was interesting in its own sliding feeder measures the divorce, from which its designer, Frank Halford promised to achieve a sufficient performance even with nízkooktanovým fuel. The displacement of this engine was "only" 36,35 l. the First prototypes of the engines have been submitted for testing in January 1938, and their performance has been provisionally limited to 1,350 hp (1 007 kW), but already in march it achieved a performance of 2 050 hp (1 529 kW), but expected it to quite a long period of debugging.
The third engine was the air-cooled osmnáctiválec Bristol Centaurus, this engine was again bezventilový, the divorce was rather awkwardly handled cylindrical šoupátky. The displacement of this engine was a venerable – 53,6 l. Unfortunately, its development has progressed from all three types at least, the prototype of the engine while it ran in the July, 1938, and entered production in 1942.

Projects


At the ministerial specifications said more companies, thus creating a very interesting but also not very usual projects the first project was presented by the Bristol Aeroplane Company Ltd., whose design team drew up the project marked with Bristol F.18/37, this project represented jednomotorovou fighter classic concept in which it would be possible, after appropriate adjustments, to install all of the above types of engines, with the engine of the Sabre Also was calculated the maximum speed of 417 mph (671 km/h). Armament of twelve guns should be in the wings.
The company Gloster Aircraft Co. Ltd. in Huccelote presented a quite interesting project of his chief engineer W. G. Carter, the project was marked as Gloster F.18/37, which should propel the engine of the Sabre I (or even the engine of the Vulture) in a pusher configuration. Pusher trojlistá propeller should be between the two trupovými beams, the value of the maximum speed was calculated at 418 mph (673 km/h) at a height of 5 to 350 m, altitude was calculated to be up to (11 580 m) the Advantage of this concept was to free the bow, in which was concentrated armament. The company Gloster at their own expense built a wooden mock-up.
Defense concern Vickers-Armstrongs Ltd., Supermarine Works based in Southamphonu submitted two projects, the first was a two-engined Supermarine Type 324 with the elliptical wing, very similar to the wings Spitfire, this aircraft was calculated to achieve a speed of 450 mph (724 km/h) in the case of the use of the engines Rolls-Royce Merlin and if they were installed the engines Bristol Taurus, was the maximum speed calculated on the 421 mph (677 km/h). The second project was the Supermarine Type 325, who had to have a pair of engines of the Taurus in the wings, but in a pusher configuration, the calculated speed should be 429 mph (699 km/h).
The last logged-in participant in the company was Hawker, who submitted their projects to the Hawker R and Hawker N, this was for the single machine modified for two engines, project Hawker R was designed for the engine of the Rolls-Royce Vulture and the project denoted by the letter N should be powered by a Napier Sabre as well.
The ministerial committee of all submitted projects assessed, but the construction of the prototypes ordered only at the company's Hawker. The ministry of aviation commissioned the construction of two prototypes from each project.

Hawker Tornado


Chief designer Sydney Camm its study modified to almost the same aircraft put to fit both the engine Sabre as well, so even the engine Vulture II. The new aircraft had an all-metal wing is considerably thick profile, the wing was divided into a mild "W". The hull was in the front part built of steel tubes, covered with metal cover panels and from the cabin to the rear was made up of a metal shell. The pilot cabin was accessible by a door on the left side. The engine of the Vulture won, thanks to their design a slight edge in development and was available earlier than the the engine of the Sabre. The first was a finished prototype of the "R", which took off with the engine of the Rolls-Royce Vulture II capacity of 1 760 hp (1 294 kW), it did so on 6. October 1939, the prototype bore the serial number P5219 and before long he was assigned to combat name Tornado. The first part of the tests took place very successfully, but only until you started to use the full power of the engine of the Vulture. The engine didn't excel high reliability and exhibited with the other children's illness which prevented the achievement of the expected performance. The first prototype finally after treatments reached a maximum speed of 638 km/h at a height of 6 to 250 m and to a height of 20 000 feet (6 096 m) soared to 6.6 min. Motoráři in Crewe have been fully utilized, the production of so much of the required Merlinů, giving them no time to fully dedicate to the motors Vulture. The engine has never been sufficiently debugged, the ministry finally lifted its production, to the vacant capacity of the factories for development and production of the Merlin engine. The termination of the development and production of engines, the Vulture has led to stopping the development of the Tornado. His second prototype (P5224) took off to 5. December 1940, in the wings have already been installed four cannons British Hispano Mk.I, the powerplant was identical to the first prototype, but later was this engine mistaken for a Vulture In that in this last version of this type of engine and its already decent performance of the 1 980 hp (1 455 kW). Engines the Vulture, however, experienced only a very small extension of the mass have been installed only in a not very successful twin-engine bombers Avro Manchester. the Third prototype Tornado was built on the basis of a ministerial requirement from February 1941 and powered it engine Bristol Centaurus, flying from 23. October 1941. The ministry of aviation before the abolition of production engines, the Vulture ordered the construction of 201 aeroplane Tornado, from this order was completed only one aircraft, which was later used as a flying laboratory.

Hawker Typhoon - the prototypes


After this turning we come to the project and prototypes of a fighter aircraft Hawker N, which as we already know, was powered by the engines of the Napier Sabre. This project was created aircraft Hawker Typhoon, the first prototype with a serial number P5212 took off for the first time 24. February 1940 from the airport in Langley, therefore, with a five-month delay compared to the Tornadu. The delay was caused by the engine of the Sabre, which was the very trouble, the problems causing the slide, the zadírala already after a few hours of operation, or is greatly worn down, which led to excessive consumption of oil. Engine Sabre did not have an electric starter, the start was carried out using pyropatron system (Coffman), and a few times happened, that the engine caught fire, and in cooler weather it was difficult to start. Dangerous were also exhaust gases, which shone into the cabin, the pilots Typhoonů, including later versions, so had to wear oxygen masks for the entire period of engine operation. The first version of the engine had little life and the whole power unit has suffered a fairly significant vibration. Prototype Typhoonu was after the first flight found to be so unstable that he had to be returned to the production hall, where he was added to the vertical tail. Further flight testing was still unarmed and has been extensively compared with a Tornado. New aircraft Tornadu resembled, the same was a cabin with a door, which wasn't in the back of the glass and the view towards the back so was severely limited. Both prototypes also had the same armament of twelve Browning machine guns Mk.II, imposed after six in each half of the wings. Typhoon flew, at least initially, without the bottom covers the main undercarriage wheels. Different was mainly the power unit, here formed engine Napier Sabre I, which was the performance of 2 050 hp (1 529 kW). For both compared types of aircraft, fully experienced problems with the propulsion units and also for both were showing little of the active brake. Prototype Typhoonu was harmed in the picking of the sharp descent. Pilot Philip G. Lucas proved on 9. may 1940 with a heavily damaged aircraft to land and open the tunnel so the technicians examine the damaged rear part of the fuselage. Motoráři fy Napier have achieved success - I managed to meet one ministerial condition – engine Sabre worked without a fault a hundred hours and reached a performance of up to 2 200 hp (1 641 kW) at 3 700 r/min. Came 15. may 1940 - the day when the minister of war industry lord Beaverbrook ordered, that all production capacity is used only for the construction of the five best types of aircraft: fighters of the Hurricane, the Spitfire and the bombers Blenheim, Wellington and Whitley. This regulation brought about a considerable slowdown in development for many prototypes and including the two prototypes of the Hawker Tornado and Hawker Typhoon. Has slowed the construction of their second prototype. 25. September 1940 the prototypes were after the completion of factory tests, passed to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEA) in the Boscombe Down. The final rating came out quite favorably, well evaluated was the dexterity, the complaints were routed to the engine and to the brakes. Meanwhile, in Britain, began vigorously to prepare production license cannon Hispano-Suiza HS-404, this is a cannon, the British referred to as the Hispano Mk.Even and made progress even further development of this weapon, which led to the cannon of the type Hispano Mk.II and this gun later greatly increased the combat value of the Typhoonů. The ministry of aviation already sjednávalo orders for both tested types of aircraft, their manufacture should take place in the little-used factories, the Tornado should be produced in fy Avro in Woodfordu, for the Typhoon has been selected, the factory fy Gloster Aircraft Co. Ltd. in Huccelote. In the trials finally joined the second prototype with the serial number of P5216, this prototype flew for the first time 3. in may 1941, and from the beginning carried the armament of four cannons Hispano Mk.II with a supply of 140 shells for each.

Hawker Typhoon Mk.IA


The first mass-produced machine (R7576) left the production belt 27. may 1941, carried the designation of the Hawker Typhoon Mk.IA and other machines slowly followed. The first serial aircraft were passed to the Air Fighting Development Unit (AFDU) in Duxdordu, there were carried out comparative tests with the Spitfire Mk.Vb looking for what may be the most advantageous tactic to fight for the new aircraft. It was found that the new Typhoon is an excellent machine for a small to medium height, to a height of 15 000 feet (4 572 m) did not find a competitor, it is true that the Spitfire was always more manageable, but the Typhoon the lack of settled at a higher rate and, in particular, great gradeability, however, if the Typhoon got above altitude 20 000 feet (6 096 m), his performances declined rapidly.
Typhoons were in the arsenal of the 56. and 609. squadrons of the RAF and both units were at the end of 1941 deployed against German aircraft Focke-Wulf Fw 190 a-1 and A-2, this new German aircraft operated disruptive raids at low altitude on the south east coast of England. Arrived just above sea level to avoid the british radiolokátorům, quickly put down the bombs on the intended target and just as quickly came back to me. Spitfires Mk.In the is not enough most of capture and if yes, not enough on the new Focke-Wulfy or performance. The RAF decided against these aircraft will deploy their new Typhoons Mk.IA. New machines, however, were still many difficulties, principally with the engines of Napier Sabre I, which long failed to deliver in the required quality — problems was still the same, especially with the šoupátky, with the penetration of exhaust gases into the cabin and to this is added yet another. Several Typhoonů was also lost when picking a dive, and this required the life of several pilots. Typhoons were its shape so unusual, that there have been a few "own" sestřelům, mostly from own anti-aircraft artillery. Typhoons subsequently went antikamufláž in the form of a white bow and on the bottom part of the wings were painted with broad black and white stripes, which resembled the later invasive. The failure rate Typhoonů was so severe that she was even considered the possibility to stop their production and already produced machines download from loadout, this condition was current at a time when there were Typhoons to disintegrate in the air when picking a steep descent. Chief designer Sydney Camm soon found out that to blame these accidents is the insufficient strength of the hull at the joint with the tail parts. The fault of the vibration and flutter of the tail surfaces occurred in this place to damage and overload this subsequently led to distortions and violations of the fuselage. Cammův design team this problem crash-solved external connections in a critical place, later it was this underpowered instead reinforced the added internal přeplátováním. The Typhoon, however, won a reputation of the wrong airplane and that he couldn't get rid of and that even in a time when most of the defects the engineers have already managed to remove. Typhoons Mk.IA were armed with exclusively twelve machine guns, was originally ordered 250 Typhoonů Mk.IA, in total there were made 110 pieces and the vast majority of them were later rebuilt into the form of the later Typhoonů Mk.IB. To drive the "a's" were used engines Sabre I and later Sabre IIA with slightly more power and slightly better reliability.

Hawker Typhoon Mk.IB


This version of the Typhoonu was first ordered in quantities of 250 aircraft, the first machine is very similar to the previous version, the only armament was larger, these aircraft carried in the wings of the four cannons Hispano Mk.II, the first machine should still engines Sabre I, but were soon supplied with more modern Sabra IIA and IIB. Their cabin was not yet equipped with a door, over which was top hinged portion, the rear portion of the part has already been glazed, but the glass was framed. Also in this version is initially fully exhibited similar problems – a small life of the engine, its failure rate, weak brakes, the penetration of exhaust gases into the cabin etc. In the second half of the year were Typhoons deployed again, vzlétaly from the airport in Duxfordu, their task was to once again capture and destroy the German fighter-bombers of the type the Fw 190, Bf 109 and Me 210. Typhoons vzlétaly against the identified aircraft in pairs, their pilots holding so-called two-minute cash, when the cash pilots Typhoonů sat in the cabins of their aircraft, and within two minutes they had to take off. Unfortunately, even their losses were considerable, more Typhoonů, however, was lost due to technical faults, before they managed to destroy the German aircraft. This deployment lasted until 1943, units flying with the Typhoons have been deployed together with the teams flying to Spitfires Mk.XII and once again confirmed that at altitudes below 15 000 feet were Typhoons faster and better to rise than the German Messerschmitt Bf 109 and the Me 210 or the Focke-Wulfy Fw 190 could not Typhoonu fly in these altitudes were more powerful than planes Spitfire LF Mk.IX and LF Mk.XVI.
Engine Sabre was after a few major adjustments improved so that its service life can be declared to 170 hours, always after 25 hours of operation was necessary for his thorough revision. Into production came the next version of the engine Sabre and IIB, and IIC. Visually the Typhoon also changed, from January 1943 was tested completely new cabin, the door of the cabin and a frame cabin was removed and replaced by odsouvací kapkovitou cabin of Perspexu. This cabin was introduced in production from November 1943, but it did not happen at the same time, some machines were still being finalised with the older cabin.
Meanwhile, in mid-1942 at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A&AEA) in Boscombe Down, the Typhoon is tested in a new role, the RAF needed an aircraft that would be able to do business disruptive raids on targets in occupied Europe. Required was a sufficient range and at the same time, a large enough bomb load. From October 1942 began pilots Typhoonů 181. and 609. squadron to penetrate beyond France and under the wings of their machines carried the two pětisetlibrové bombs (227 kg), also four dvacetimilimetrové cannons represent a sufficiently effective firepower, 609. squadron already at the end of April 1944 would claim that the recognition of znišení more than hundreds of locomotives in France. The beginning of the year 1943 was newly made Typhoonům fitted a modified wing, under which it was possible to hang up a cylindrical tanks, each accommodate 45 UK gallons of fuel. Metamorphosis Typhoonu on the fighter-bomber continued, from march 1943 were the Typhoons fitted new tyres, which allowed to significantly increase take-off weight. As the first is supposed to Typhoon Mk.IB Sn. EK238 and it was at the same time 1 001-made aircraft of this type. Thanks to the new tyres was first possible to significantly improve armor defense – a newly installed armored plates increased weight of 780 lb (354 kg) and the second distinct advantage was to increase the bombing of the cargo, under the wings it was possible to hang up two tisícilibrové cougars (454 kg). Larger diameter tires and wheels finally made it possible to install more effective brakes, you were first installed only on a bombing Typhoons, but later it received all new and generálkované machines. Take-off weight of the new Typhoonů rose and the uncomfortable extended their runway, the solution was to replace the original blades of the propeller propeller new four-bladed propellers. The runway needed for takeoff of a fully loaded aeroplane is again reduced to an acceptable value, it is interesting that with this propeller has dropped slightly, the maximum speed of the airplane – the propeller had a higher frontal resistance. Čtyřlisté propeller had problems at first with leakage of hydraulic oil, this problem has been removed, the British modified the seal according to the american Mustangs. The last series of Typhoonů received larger tail surfaces, which were taken from Tempestů.
It remains to mention still one adjustment, which significantly increased the combat value of these fighter-bombers – the suspension of the unguided rockets of the type SC-3 under the wings. Typhoons bear against ground targets, eight of these unguided missiles, the warhead had a mass of 60 lb (27 kg), the installation of these missiles from them was really a weapon, but their hitting has gained Typhoon firepower in one salvo of a light cruiser. The rockets were hanged on rails -rails under the wings, these rails could be mistaken for a bomb racks, and aircraft could attack targets with missiles or pomami, however, In practice, some units specialise purely on the rocket attacks, and some again on the bomb. Pilots are so specialized and have gained substantial accuracy of the hits and even not very accurate missiles. One of the units, which specialized in rocket attacks, was 181. squadron RAF. Typhoons very effectively in occupied Europe, attacking and destroying all possible targets, the ship (operation Channel Stop), rail and motor transport, tanks, armoured even nepancéřovaná vehicles, light sconces, post flake, a battery of artillery, buildings, barracks, and places of concentration of enemy troops. The aircraft, which was at the beginning of the almost completely downloaded from the service, in the D-day formed the armament of eighteen squadrons of the british 2nd TAF (Second Tactical Air Force, 2. tactical air army), the Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB) was another nine squadrons Typhoonů. D-day brought the pilots Typhoonů the new tasks with which to deal, among them belonged to the direct support of ground units. The best results were achieved when in the vicinity of the front line moved, the liaison officer of the RAF who radio-guided fighter-bombers on targets that hindered the procedure of its own land units. Further pilots Typhoonů had to learn to destroy German heavy tanks, these great tanks withstand the america Shermanům and caused significant casualties, the fighter-bombers were called to help and their pilots had to learn to find a place to concentrate their fire and the tank out of action. The Typhoon passed on a great and thanks to the fact it was destroyed many German tanks in Caen (operation Goodwood), and at Falaise, where he helped general Patton keep the bridgehead. An equally important task was the destruction of the German chiefs, or the elimination of the anti-aircraft artillery before making air drops (operation Varsity, 24. march 1945). The end of the war he was a fighter-bomber Typhoon Mk.IB in the arsenal of the 25 squadrons of 2. TAF. Combat deployment Typhoonů was very intense and in the performance of these demanding tasks of their loss considerable. Typhoons from the ADGB were deployed in the fight against letounovým missiles -1 and Typhoons from 2. TAF again together with the other bombers to destroy the launch base In a-1 and In-2.

Hawker Typhoon FR IB


Reconnaissance version of the Typhoonu began to occur in 1943, when the RAF expressed its need for fast, armed reconnaissance aircraft, short range for imaging from a low altitude. At the turn of the year 1943-44 began leaving the production line the first of the two hundred ordered reconnaissance aircraft. Modification consisted of removing the internal cannon and into the vacated places were installed a camera. Made have been a total of three variants marked FR IB PR IB and TacR IB, mutually determining the number, type and positioning of cameras, the most common combination was one camera F.24 for oblique and one camera F.52 for vertical photography. Linking is one common trait, it was the vibration of the engine Sabre II, you were so great, that the photos were mostly "mázlé" and therefore not very good quality. For the first time these aircraft were deployed before and during the invasion of Normandy, deployed within the 4. and 268. squadron. The aircraft was from January 1945 downloaded from the service and replaced by the recon Mustangs and Spitfires. From this order was completed only sixty-reconnaissance aircraft.

Hawker Typhoon NF IB


To form a night fighter aircraft only one prototype was manufactured (R7871), which carried a radar type AI Mk.IV, the prototype was twice the service operationally deployed. The presence of the radar equipment reveal the four antennas in the leading edges of the wings. Installation of radar equipment to force the installation of a smaller tank of fuel in both wings, therefore this aircraft flew with the podvěšenými fuel tanks on each volume of 44 gallons (200 liters). The same radar was used the night fighter Mosquito, which has the advantage of a second member of the crew – the operator's radar. In the single-digit Typhoonu had a radar screen to watch the pilot, which was a handicap.

Hawker Typhoon Mk.IB (Tropical)


Three serial Typhoons (DN323, EJ 906 and R8891) were equipped with anti-dust filters (filters Vokes were as per the photos below the fuselage behind the radiator fluid), modified cooling (for the heat sink was to the exit of the cooling air added a second smaller) and desert camouflage, these machines was in 1943 sent to the area of the Middle east. All three aircraft should be in your state 451. squadron, RAAF, operated mainly from the egyptian base at Al-Daba. For their controls, there have been a total of nineteen pilots and they all praised the high performance fighter-bombers. More Typhoonů however, in this area did not receive, because they were needed primarily on the european battlefield. The designation of Tropical is unofficial.

Production Typhoonů lasted until November 1945 when he was made the last of 3 317 built Typhoonů, after the end of the second world war were Typhoons being replaced by more powerful and more modern Tempesty incurred a further development Typhoonu, from equipment units of the RAF were Typhoons finally delisted in the following year.

Only Cech flying to Typhoonu was Jiří Maňák, who first flew Spitfires. He later commanded the B-Flight at the 182. squadron, she was armed with Typhoons. Eventually, he was given the command of the 198. squadron, also armed with Typhoons Mk.IB (he thus became one of the three Czechs, who lead the british squadron). In this the rank of S/L was in September 1943, shot down near the Dutch coast and was forced to make an emergency landing on the sea level. He was captured and the rest of the war spent in a German prisoner.


Used springs:
John C. Fredriksen, Hawker Typhoon, in An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914-2000, Santa Barbara, CA, USA, ABC-CLIO, 2001, ISBN 978-1-57607-131-1.
Tony Buttler, Specification F.18/37 - the Hawker Tornado and Typhoon, in British Secret Projects - Fighters & Bombers 1935-1950, Hinckley, UK, Midland Publishing, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85780-179-8.
Jim Winchester, the Hawker Typhoon, in Aircraft of World War II, San Diego, CA, USA, Thunder Bay Press, 2004, ISBN 978-1-85310-908-9.
Richard Townshend Bickers, the Hawker Typhoon - The Combat History, Ramsbury, UK, Airlife Publishing Ltd., 1999, ISBN 978-1-85310-908-9.
Francis To. Mason, The Hawker Typhoon, in Aircraft Profile, nº 81, Leatherhead, UK, Profile Publications Ltd., 1966.
Jerry Scutts Typhoon - Tempest, in in Action, nº 102, Carrollton, Texas, USA, Squadron Signal Publications, 1990.
Leszek Moczulski, the Hawker Typhoon cz. 1, Monograph Lotnicze Well. 94, AJ – Pressm Gdansk, 2004, ISBN 83-7237-151-2
Leszek Moczulski, the Hawker Typhoon cz. 2, A Monograph Lotnicze Well. 95, AJ – Pressm Gdansk, 2004, ISBN 83-7237-159-8
Tony Buttler, British Secret Projects 3: Fighters and Bombers 1935-1950, Midland Publishing, Ltd., Leicester, 2004, ISBN: 1-85780-179-2
www.aviation-history.com
www.historyofwar.org
www.militaryfactory.com
www.wwiiaircraftperformance.org
http://www.airvectors.net/avcfury.html
http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/typhoon.html
http://www.airwar.ru/enc/spyww2/typhoonfr.html
http://www.airpages.ru/eng/uk/typhoon_1.shtml
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