Kulman, Helena Andresovna

Khulman, Helen
Леэн (Хелена) Андресовна Кульман
     
Příjmení:
Surname:
Kuhlmanová Khulman
Jméno:
Given Name:
Helena Andresovna Helen
Jméno v originále:
Original Name:
Леэн (Хелена) Андресовна Кульман
Fotografie či obrázek:
Photograph or Picture:
Hodnost:
Rank:
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Akademický či vědecký titul:
Academic or Scientific Title:
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Šlechtický titul:
Hereditary Title:
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Datum, místo narození:
Date and Place of Birth:
31.01.1920 Tartu /
31.01.1920 Tartu /
Datum, místo úmrtí:
Date and Place of Decease:
06.03.1943
06.03.1943
Nejvýznamnější funkce:
(maximálně tři)
Most Important Appointments:
(up to three)
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Jiné významné skutečnosti:
(maximálně tři)
Other Notable Facts:
(up to three)
rozvědčice štábu Baltské flotily
zajata a popravena
Hrdina Sovětského svazu
Spy of the Baltic Fleet
Captured and executed
Hero of the Soviet Union
Související články:
Related Articles:
Zdroje:
Sources:
http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1123
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Příjmení:
Surname:
Kuhlmanová Khulman
Jméno:
Given Name:
Helena Andresovna Helen
Jméno v originále:
Original Name:
Леэн (Хелена) Андресовна Кульман
Všeobecné vzdělání:
General Education:
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Vojenské vzdělání:
Military Education:
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Důstojnické hodnosti:
Officer Ranks:
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Průběh vojenské služby:
Military Career:
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Vyznamenání:
Awards:
Poznámka:
Note:
- -
Zdroje:
Sources:
https://warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=1123
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Kulman-Helena-Andresovna-t23950#719077 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Kulman Helena


– rozvědčice štábu Baltské flotily


(1920-1943)


Hrdinka Sovětského svazu


Narodila se 31. ledna 1920 ve městě Tartu v Estonsku. V roce 1932 jí zemřel otec a ona zůstala s matkou a pěti sourozenci. V témže roce zemřela i její kamarádka Marie Berezinová, jejíž rodiče vypomáhali Kulmanovým materiálně, když v letech 1933–37 studovala na střední pedagogické škole v Tartu.


V roce 1937 pokračovala na vyšší pedagogické škole v Tallinu a roku 1941 se stala učitelkou. Otec její kamarádky – Fritz Berezin, kapitán na zámořské lodi, bral Helenu o letních prázdninách sebou na cesty do Finska, Anglie, Francie, Itálie, Belgie a Švédska. Celkem podnikla tři cesty – v letech 1934, 1936 a 1938.


Po obsazení Estonska Rudou armádou vstoupila do Komsomolu a stala se funkcionářkou na tartuské střední škole. V srpnu 1941, když začala válka, byla evakuována do Čeljabinska.


Do řad Rudé armády vstoupila v prosinci 1941, když se v rámci Uralského vojenského okruhu začala formovat
7. estonská střelecká divize.


Helena byla přidělena k 86. zdravotnickému praporu této divize, ale ona chtěla být rozvědčíkem a požádala o přeložení k Baltské flotile. Její žádosti bylo vyhověno a následně byla odeslána do Leningradu, kde se ve škole rozvědčíků při štábu flotily začala připravovat na práci v týlu nepřítele. Naučila se zacházet s radiostanicí a šifrovacím zařízením, prodělala bojový a paradesantní výcvik.


14. září 1942 byla vysazena v Estonsku a začala v Tartu sbírat informace o německé flotile na Čudském jezeře.


Pak se přesunula do Virumaa a odtud dále vysílala důležité informace do štábu Baltské flotily. V prosinci vysílala z Piarnu a 1. února 1943 od ní přišla poslední šifrovaná zpráva.


2. února 1943 byla zatčena a uvězněna estonskými nacisty z organizace Omakaitse v Tartu. Byla vyslýchána a mučena, přesto neprozradila své poslání ani šifry námořnictva a 2. dubna byla popravena.


8. května 1965 jí byl dodatečně udělen Titul Hrdiny SSSR. Ve městě Tartu jí byl odhalen památník a muzeum, její jméno nese ulice.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Kulman-Helena-Andresovna-t23950#89220 Version : 0

Refutation of the official version by Juhani Püttsepa and Toomas Sildam in the Postimees newspaper in February 2000.




In February 2000, the newspaper Postimees published several articles by Juhani Püttsep and Toomas Sildam refuting the official Soviet version.


Memoirs of a German Soldier


Soviet propaganda claimed that Helena had not revealed a single secret during the interrogations. "Not a word came out of her mouth," the newspaper Rahva Hääl quoted Helena's former intelligence chief Naum Frumkin as saying on 21 May 1965.


Police constable Taru of Ruusmäe parish, who was one of Leena's prisoners on 2 January 1943, debunks Frumkin's testimony. "There was nothing heroic about it, during the first interrogation Kullman immediately told us who she was, where she had been trained and with what tasks she had been sent to Estonia," Taru told Valdur Raudvassar, a young man who had been sent to the Mordvin prison camp in Siberia in 1964 for belonging to the youth resistance in Võru.


The fact that Helena worked for the German counter-intelligence after her imprisonment is evidenced by the recollections of Captain Ernst Lübek: "The prisoner was a very willing young girl who, instead of getting shot, chose life and voluntarily gave up her ciphers and her contacts, with whom our specialist was able to keep in touch for a long time and was very useful in this respect".


Helena's collaboration with the Germans is confirmed by the fate of her sister Regina, who was originally sentenced to death for harboring a partisan and waited a month and a half in solitary confinement to be shot. In March 1943, she was surprisingly informed of an amnesty and her death sentence was commuted to indefinite detention. On April 2, Regina was sentenced to two years in a labor camp by a new decision.


According to Regina, the intelligence officer was able to cooperate with the Germans because she wanted to make life easier for her loved ones and spare them the suffering of prison.


A legend circulated in the Estonian SSR that Helena was shot on the morning of March 6, 1943, by Kuno Pügu, a guard from the Tartus Security Police and Tartus Security Police Department, who escorted the Soviet intelligence officer from her cell for interrogation. This version was later confirmed by three guards of the remand prison interrogated by the NKVD and by an entry in the Security Police logs: "Report of the security guard on the shooting of Helena Kullman by guard Kuno Püga, reported to the chief on 6.3.43".


However, Kuno Püga, 22, was unable to shoot anyone on 6 March because he had been placed in solitary confinement in Tartu Prison as the perpetrator of the crime. Documents stored at the National Archives show that Püga was arrested by the criminal police on 5 February and released on 11 March.


After the war, Hilja Kivisild, a classmate of Püga's from the intelligence school, wanted to verify the story of Helena's death because she suspected that Helena had collaborated with the Germans. Half a century ago, she tracked down two women who had been in the Tartu prison with Helena. Their names have not survived because the Kivisilds destroyed their private archives.


"On the morning of March 1943, they were all taken under guard to work. At the high wall, Helena jumped out of line and made a run for it, zigzagging," Kivisild says. "The guard, a young German, shouted, 'Stop!' Helena did not stop. Then the guard fired his automatic weapon, and Helena fell. Her fellow prisoners, who were immediately ordered to move on, confirmed that the guard had fired over Helena's head and the bullets could not hit her".


The KGB did not learn that Kuno Püga had not killed Helen until 12 October 1965, when a security officer took Püga's prison file, which had been kept by the Germans, from the archives. However, Helena Kullman had already become a heroine of the Soviet Union five months earlier, and the myth of the Estonian Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya could no longer be disproved.


Helena's new biography


Captain Ernst Lübek's memoirs also rule out the possibility that Helena was killed in Tartu prison: 'Because she was honest and willing to give testimony, she survived and the Germans used her to their advantage, probably in Pskov'.


This is in line with a note in the security police report of 10 May 1943 on Helena, quoted by the Noorte Hääl newspaper on 16 December 1965: "Handed over to the German foreign police in Pskov as a Soviet prisoner of war."


In the death registry of the Tartu District Population Registration Department, there are a number of records from 1943 of persons with "death penalty" as the cause of death, based on reports from the political police. There is no mention of Helena Kullman's death in the register.


According to Tiit Noormets, a researcher in the field of intelligence history and advisor to the research department of the National Archives, the German counter-intelligence developed the so-called "assassination legend" of Helena Kullman, which was given a new identity - a name and biography - and used in radio broadcasts against the Soviets.


Helena Kullman arrived in the West with the retreating German troops and lived on without revealing her past. She sent no news of herself to her mother and sisters in Estonia.


Sister


Regina Uuková, sister of Helena Kullmanː The police arrested me on January 3, 1943, and in February sentenced me to death for possession. I was 16 years old in solitary confinement in a pretrial detention prison. Helena and I met in prison, she knew about my sentence and asked if I was very angry with her. I said no. Helena said, "You know where you're going, but I don't."


I always knew that Helena was not shot in Tartu prison. After the war I looked for my sister at the Red Cross, but to no avail. Helena promised me that she would not contact home.


To this day I have not received any notification of Helena's death.


Kalle Kullman, Helen Kullman's nephew.


In the late 1970s, I first heard stories that Helen was living or had lived in a small town in Germany, happily married. Our family believed this because they all thought that Helena would definitely make it in life.


It is possible that March 6, 1943 was the end of one period of Helen's life and the beginning of another, the life of a young woman rediscovering herself. If she did not contact her family, perhaps she was worried about the loved ones she left behind in Estonia? I myself experienced something similar in July 1989, when I was hiding in Sweden from the Russian army and wondered what repression my phone call might bring to my family.


If Helena survived, it was only because she had collaborated with the Germans and therefore betrayed the intelligence in Leningrad, and this fear may have prevented her from returning home and saying, "Don't worry, I'm fine."


Tiit Noormets, Research Advisor, National Archivesː Creating myths and legends was characteristic of the Soviet Union. What Postimees has discovered about Helena Kullman gives reason to believe that German counterintelligence developed the so-called "assassination legend" against Helena and gave her a new identity.


This is confirmed by the presence of Kuno Pügy, Kullman's alleged murderer, as a prisoner in Tartu Prison on 6 March 1943 and the absence of any record of Kullman's death in the family archives. Kullman was probably used in radio broadcasts to disinform the Soviet side. This was quite common at the time and widespread in the history of news reporting.


Sources:
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leen_Kullman
Juhani Püttsep, Toomas Sildam: Sakslased lavastasid Kullmani tapmise, 08.02.2000
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Kulman-Helena-Andresovna-t23950#718855 Version : 0
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