Nakadžima Ki 43 Hajabusa [Oscar]

Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa - přehled verzí

Nakajima Ki-43 - version overview


中島 キ43「隼」


一式戦闘機 - Ichishiki sentōki - "Army fighter aircraft type 1"


Japanese name: 隼 - Hayabuza - Peregrine Falcon


Allied reporting name: "Oscar"



DesignationAircraft design - description
Nakajima Ki-43-Ia Ko Armament 2x Type 89 machine gun, 7.7 mm calibre; serial production from September 1940
Nakajima Ki-43-Ib Otsu armament 1x Type 89 machine gun of 7.7 mm calibre and 1x Ho-103 machine gun of 12.7 mm calibre; production followed smoothly on the previous version.
Nakajima Ki-43-Ic Hei armament 2x 12.7 mm Ho-103 machine guns; pilots referred to these aircraft as overloaded.
Nakajima Ki-43-IIa Ko 2x Ho-103 12.7 mm armament, more powerful Ha-115 engine, reduced wingspan and reinforced wing structure,
pilot protection and self-locking tanks; production from February 1942
Nakajima Ki-43-IIb Otsu Change in oil cooler location and installation of bomb racks.
[Row]Nakajima Ki-43-IIc KAI
installation of individual exhaust pipes; production from summer 1943.
Nakajima Ki-43-IIIa Ko installation of the Nakajima Ha-115 engine brought an increase in performance.
Nakajima Ki-43-IIIb There were two prototypes, the Mitsubishi Ha-112 engine, tests were apparently not completed because Tachikawa was almost destroyed by air raids

Manufacturers:


中島飛行機株式会社 - Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha, at Koizumi and Ota
- 3 239 aircraft
立川飛行機株式会社 - Tachikawa Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha, Tachikawa, Tokyo Prefecture
- 2,629 aircraft + 2 Ki-43-IIIb prototypes
陸軍航空技術研究所 - Tachikawa Rikugun Kōkū Gijutsō Kenkyujō (Rikugun, Giken), Army Aerotechnical Research Institute
- 49 Ki-43-IIa aircraft


Sources used:
Richard M. Bueschel, Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa I-III. in Japanesa Army Air Force RTAF-CAF-IPSF Service, Reading, Berkshire, Osprey Publications, 1970, ISBN 0-85045-022-5
René J. Francillon Ph.D., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, Reprinted 1990, ISBN-0-87021-313-X
William Green, War Planes of the Second World War - Fighters, Vol. Three, London Macdonald, seventh edition 1973, ISBN: 0-356-01447-9
Martin C. Windrow & René J. Francillon, Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa, Aircraft profile 46 1967
author's archive
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Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa[/heading] (peregrine falcon falcon - japanese.)
Allied code name: Oscar

"army fighter type 1"

Specifications on perhaps the most famous and numerically the most important japanese army fighter of the second world war was commissioned by the 大日本帝国陸軍航空本部 - Dai-Nippon Teikoku Rikugun Kōkū Hombu (Imperial army air force) in December of 1937. It was the usual practice that at the time of the adoption of the new aircraft into service were the producers entered new technical requirements for the new aircraft, which should be ready for production at a time when just ranked type will become obsolete. At the time (December 1973), was adopted in the arsenal of the successful fighter aircraft Ki-27 Nate "army fighter, Type 97“. The requirements for its successor to put a major emphasis primarily on a high degree of dexterity. Should have a new aircraft at the same level as the just received devadesátsedmička, the maximum speed of the new fighter jets is expected to increase only slightly on the value of 500 km/hr, at a height of 5 000 meters had a new machine to ascend for 5 minutes. Across all of these requirements place a Rikugun Kōkū Hombu on the equipment - this should remain completely unchanged – just two machine guns the Type 89 Model 2 the caliber of 7.7 mm. In addition, this type of machine gun it was no longer too powerful, but Japan was still widely used. It is surprising that the army air force to settle with such weak weaponry, his eternal rival Kaigun Kōkū Hombu (naval air force) around this time for its then projected on-board fighter Mitsubishi A6M requested no armament, consisting of machine guns and dvacetimilimetrových cannons. (the Truth is, that the naval cannons type 99 degrade fairly small cadence and also the supply of shells wasn't too big, but nasporným the fact was, that the intervention of even a single grenade was much more devastating than hits a few shots rifle caliber).

On the new project began in 1938 in the company of 中島飛行機株式会社 - Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha (hereinafter referred to as Nakajima) work professor Hideo Itokawa, he also was the spiritual father of the older Ki-27, from his predecessor he inherited the newly designed aircraft several common design features. The first prototype flew in January 1939, powered by the was čtrnáctiválcovým engine Nakajima Ha-105. Test pilots however, this prototype at all is obtained. Criticisms were directed at too much weight, lack of agility, for a little maneuverability (the procedure was necessary to expend large forces) and also the performance was the aeroplane was insufficient. Professor Itokawa with his team again set to work and done that, hitting it off, and done and done... the Essential adjustments so finally received the fuselage, tail surfaces have changed the shape of the (originally resembled tail surfaces Zera), amended was the cabin, the wing was fitted with the japanese equivalent of fowler's flap. The aircraft also affected the relief and new were also the valve motor cover. An interesting fact was that the armament of the pre-series machines changed to the two machine guns the Ho-103 the caliber of 12.7 mm (army air force at that time still not to your great cannons Him-5). In this form, was eventually adopted to as the "army fighter Type 1 model 1a" in the system Kitai this type of previously allocated the designation Ki-43-Ia Ko (キ43-I甲).

Serial production ran in April 1941, but the first serial of the machine in turn meant retreat, installed was less powerful engine Nakajima Ha-25 about the performance of 975 horsepower, turbocharged become easier mechanical compressor, the propeller was a wooden two-bladed, propeller leaves should have a fixed angle of attack. This effective little the propeller was at the later machines changed to a more efficient adjustable two-position propeller with metal leaves. Machine guns returned to the caliber of 7.7 mm. The first deliveries of the new aircraft were routed to the 59. Sentai and 64. Sentai, for these units is already 8. December 1941 got into fights over Malaysia.

Fighter pilots were the maneuverability and flight characteristics of the new fighters literally thrilled. At the beginning of 1942 in the production of getting another version of the Ki-43-Ib Otsu (キ43-I乙), which is one machine gun caliber 7.7 mm replaced by a much more powerful machine gun Ho-103 and after almost another year, when he was already large-calibre machine guns enough, of the production line is based on the Ki-43-Ic Hei (キ43-I丙)with the armament of two machine guns caliber 12.7 mm. Some pilots, however, about this version of the express as congested! However, it is true that the engine remained the same and the maximum rate still fell short of the values that the army air force requested in its specifications in 1937.

In February 1942, finally flew the first of five prototypes of the Ki-43-IIa Ko (キ43-II甲). The new plane has finally made a more powerful propulsion unit Nakajima Ha-115, this engine, thanks to the efficient turbocharging two-speed mechanical supercharger, achieves a decent performance 1 105 horsepower, the aircraft was unstalována effective metal trojlistá propeller, the props should automatically adjustable angle of attack. The new engine wasn't the only change, other changes are mainly related to the construction of the wing, which was zvýšana strength, because just having problems with the strength of the wings, when martial turnovers, faced the previous version. The wingspan was slightly reduced and the structure reinforced so much that it was possible under the each half of the hang up and a mountain lion on a maximum weight of 250 kg, or an additional tank on 200 liters of fuel, maybe it was even a combination of both. Improvements had also the passive safety of the aircraft and introducing primitive self-sealing tank and armoured pilot's seat.

The new version of the production received from November 1942, the armament was on the level of Ki-43-Ic, i.e. the two velkorážné machine guns Ho-103. Version of the Ki-43-IIb (キ43-II乙) got a new oil cooler under the engine, it was removed archaic-looking tubular oil cooler just behind the propeller, the other change was the outcome pick up of the exhaust manifold. The last option of the "twos" was a version of the Ki-43-IIc KAI (キ43-I丙), which can be identified according to the individual exhaust pipes, these outlets allegedly originated and measurable move, which helped to achieve a higher speed of the airplane, the fact is that this version was about 10 km/h faster compared to the version previous.

The last version of this type, which got into production was a version of the Ki-43-IIIa (キ43-III甲). Prototypes of these machines were in the air in may 1944 and after ten pieces manufactured by Nakajima, the company made several airplanes, the company 立川飛行機株式会社 - Tachikawa Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha. The engine of these aircraft was even more powerful - Nakajima Ha-115-II (1 190 hp). Several fighters were used by special assault units of the Shimbu-tai to use in suicide attacks on allied bombers.

The last release was in only two prototypes Tachikawou built Ki-43-IIIb (キ43-III乙), for the drive was chosen the engine of the Mitsubishi Ha-112 (Ha-33-42), above the engine finally appeared more effective armament - a pair of excellent cannons Him-5 the caliber of 20 mm. Serial production of these machines already made, both the factory was the company's Tachikawa almost completely destroyed by air raid and subsequently Japan surrendered.

The truth remains that Oscar was the allied code name for the Ki-43, gave the allied pilots quite a long time considerable respect and mainly due to his extreme agility. For the japanese army air force meant the same thing as Zero for the air force naval. It was used throughout the war and his successor to a number never replaced. The allies in mid-1943, managed to get a few of the damaged Oscar, and subsequently to try and establish the most advantageous tactic for the fight with him. Allied pilots were advised to, if possible, avoid a direct action duel, the recommended tactic was "Hit and run". An equally important discovery was that Oscar will not last more damage in the fight and his gear is not very effective (especially against čtyřmotorovým bombers).

The total was made 5 919 aircraft Ki-43, the majority of them (3 239) was manufactured by a company 中島飛行機株式会社 - Nakajima Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha in Koizumi and also factory in the city of Ota. The largest license manufacturer was 立川飛行機株式会社 - Tachikawa Hikōki Kabushiki Kaisha is sídlemv Tachikawě, Tokyo Prefecture, and 49 aircraft made an Army air arsenal in Tachikawě (陸軍航空技術研究所 - Rikugun Kōkū Gijutsō Kenkyujō (Rikugun, Giken), Army Aerotechnical Research Institute, Tachikawa)..

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Použité prameny:
Richard M. Bueschel, Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa I.-III. in Japanesa Army Air Force RTAF-CAF-IPSF Service, Reading, Berkshire, Osprey Publications, rok 1970, ISBN 0-85045-022-5
René J. Francillon Ph.D., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, Reprinted 1990, ISBN-0-87021-313-X
William Green, War Planes of the Second World War – Fighters, Vol. Three, London Macdonald, sedmé vydání z roku 1973, ISBN: 0-356-01447-9
William Green a Gordon Swanborough, WW2 Aircraft Fact Files: Japanese Army Fighters, part 2, London, Macdonald & Jane's, rok 1977, ISBN 0-354-01068-9.
Waldemar Pajdosz, Mark T. Wlodarczyk and Adam Jarski, Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa "Oscar" (in Polish), Monografie Lotnicze 48, Gdańsk, AJ-Press, 1998, ISBN 83-86208-97-X.
Václav Němeček, Vojenská letadla 3., Naše vojsko, Praha, rok 1992, 3. doplněné vydání, ISBN 80-206-0117-1
Jaroslav Schmid, Stíhací a bombardovací letadla Japonska, díl 2., Nakladatelství Fraus Plzeň, rok 2000, ISBN 80-7238077-x
Martin C. Windrow & René J. Francillon, Nakajima Ki 43 Hayabusa, Aircraft profile 46. rok 1967
Letectví a Kosmonautika čísla 13 a 14/1986, Václav Němeček Monografie Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa.
http://www.airwar.ru/enc/fww2/ki43.html
http://www.aviation-history.com/nakajima/ki43.html
www.geocities.com
www.xs4all.nl
http://www.warbirdforum.com/hayabusa.htm
archiv autora
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