Prehľad vojenských a humanitárnych operácií v Somálsku

(1992-1995)
Overview of military and humanitarian operations on Somali territory (1992-1995) :


UNOSOM I


UNOSOM I (April1992-March1993)


UNOSOM I was established to monitor the ceasefire agreement and assist in the distribution of humanitarian aid in Mogadishu. The mission's mandate was later expanded to protect humanitarian convoys throughout Somalia. After the arrival of the Unified Task Force, they worked together to secure and protect convoys and distribution points for humanitarian aid .


Place of deployment : Somalia


HQ : Mogadisho


Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Mr Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria) April 1992 - November 1992
Ismat Kittani (Iraq) November 1992 - March 1993
Jonathan T. Howe (USA) March 1993 - [UNOSOM II]


Chief of Military Observers (Force Commander)
Brigadier-General Imtiaz Shaheen (Pakistan) June 1992 - March 1993


Composition of the mission
50 military observers, 3,500 military personnel, 719 members of support units supporting the mission


Mission participants:
Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, Indonesia, Jordan, Morocco, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan and Zimbabwe


Losses: 6 military personnel (Morocco)


" Provide Relief" (Relief)


Provide Relief (August 1992 - August 1992)


In August 1992, the United States initiated Operation " Provide Relief" to provide humanitarian aid by air. On 16 August 1992, U.S. Central Command formed a Humanitarian Assistance Survey Team (HAST) under the direction of Brigadier General Frank Libutti, USMC. 10 C-130s and 400 USAF personnel were sent to Mombasa, Kenya to transport 48,000 tons of food and medical supplies to the affected areas of Somalia. But again, much of this aid was already stolen on the airstrips.


"Restore Hope" - UNITAF


UNITAF (3 December 1992 - 4 May 1993)


In November 1992, the United States offered to organize and lead a military operation under the auspices of the United Nations to stabilize the situation in the country and ensure the disarmament of rival factions. The UN Security Council accepted the offer and authorized the use of all necessary means to ensure stability and security in the country. A military group, the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), has been set up to ensure this operation.


"Continue Hope" - UNOSOM II


UNOSOM II (4 May 1993 - 2 March 1995)


In March 1993, the UN Security Council decided to transition UNITAF to a new UN peacekeeping operation, UNOSOM II, with the authorization to use force to enforce its mandate to stabilize conditions and create an environment for the distribution of humanitarian aid. UNOSOM was further mandated to assist in the reconstruction of economic, social and political life in the country. To enforce this mandate, the UN had a military force of 28,000,000 UN troops from 26 countries, including the US, in the area.


Place of deployment : Somalia


Headquarters : Mogadishu


Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
Jonathan T. Howe (United States) March 1993 - February 1994
Lansana Kouyate (Guinea) (Acting) February 1994 - June 1994
James Victor Gbeho (Ghana) July 1994 - April 1995


Chief of Military Observers (Force Commander)
Lieutenant-General Çevik Bir (Turkey) April 1993 - January 1994
Lieutenant-General Aboo Samah Bin Aboo Bakar (Malaysia) January 1994 - March 1995


Chief of Police
Chief Superintendent Mike Murphy (Ireland) April - June 1994
Chief Superintendent Selwyn Mettle (Ghana) June 1994 - February 1995


Composition of the mission
March 1993 -4. February 1994
28,000 military personnel, civilian police units; 2,800 members of support units supporting the mission


4 February 1994 - 25. August 1994
22,000 military personnel, civilian police units, members of support units supporting the mission


25. August 1994 - 2. March 1995
15,000 military personnel, civilian police units, members of support units supporting the mission


Mission participants:
Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Kuwait, Malaysia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Philippines, Korea, Romania, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, United States, Zambia and Zimbabwe


Losses
146 military personnel
3 international personnel
2 local personnel


"United Shield"


United Shield (January 1995 - March 1995)


UN-organized operation to secure the departure of UNOSOM II and UN personnel from Somalia. A total of 6,500 UN and UNHCR personnel were evacuated.


Situation in Somalia 1992-1995


In the winter of 1992, the humanitarian crisis in Somalia was unquestionable. The world community, through the United Nations, sought to mitigate the effects of this conflict. The first UN Security Council resolution on Somalia, Resolution 733, adopted in January 1992, imposed an arms embargo on the country and called for a ceasefire between the opposing parties. However, it made no decision to enforce this decision into reality. A ceasefire was negotiated by resolution 746 at the end of March and by resolution 751 on 24 April 1992, the UN established a 50-strong UNOSOM (Pakistan ) to supervise the ceasefire. However, their mandate was very limited and difficult to enforce in practice. They were threatened and isolated by the warring parties at Mogadishu airport. In order to improve the situation, a discussion developed at the UN to increase the number of mission personnel to 500, and this was done by Resolution 775 of 28 August 1992. Despite UN efforts and the ceasefire agreement, fighting and violence escalated. The main figures of the opposing parties Aidid and Mahdi proved very difficult to agree with and were fundamentally opposed to increasing the number of UN troops in the country and expanding their mandate. It was very difficult to negotiate an agreement on a cessation of hostilities because the various parties involved in the negotiations were constantly splitting into opposing factions. Peacekeepers were fired upon and aid arriving by air or sea was systematically stolen by armed bands. The headquarters of humanitarian organisations and their workers were attacked. As a result, there have been further casualties and thousands more refugees. The influence of Mohamed Farrah Aidid grew, and in November 1992 he demanded that the UNSC withdraw UN troops because otherwise he would launch hostilities against those UN troops that remained in the country. In November 1992, the U.S. made an offer to the UN to organize a multinational force under his leadership to secure humanitarian law in Somalia. The UN Security Council accepted the offer, and the force, known as the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), was authorized to use any means to enforce that right. In view of this situation, the UNSC suspended the reinforcement of UNOSOM and UNITAF took over its role in Somalia. On 3 December 1992, Operation Restore Hope began and on 9 December the first UNITAF troops landed on the Somali coast. On 13 December 1992, the 10th Mountain Division captured Baledogle airfield 160 km northwest of Mogadishu. A total of 37,000 troops, including 25,000 members of the U.S. military (these were mainly units of the 1st Marine Division (15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU)), the 10th Mountain Division, and several Navy SEALs and USS Ranger Battle Group units) belonging to UNITAF, were deployed in southern Somalia. UNITAF's air force consisted of (12) CH-46E Sea Knights, (4) CH-53E Super Stallions, (4) D Kiowa Warrior and (12) OH-58Cs/D Kiowa Warrior. The E-2C Hawkeye and 3 squadrons of F/A-18A/F/A-18C Hornet, 2 squadrons of F-14A Tomcat from the aircraft carrier USS Ranger were used to control the airspace.


The Unified Task Force (UNITAF), under the leadership of Lieutenant General R.B. Johnston, consisted of 25 countries (Australia, Belgium, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe) led by the United States to provide an environment for the re-distribution of humanitarian aid and to improve the security situation in the country. UNOSOM remained responsible for the protection and distribution of humanitarian aid and for political efforts to end the civil war, and it was in the effort to disarm the militias that the first rift between UNITAF and the UN occurred. The U.S., as the lead force in the operation, resisted UNITAF forces being declared as the force to be used to disarm the militias. Eventually, the US pushed for the mandate of the operation to be 'Return to normalcy in the country', a phrase by which anyone could imagine anything. The quote Henry Kissinger "Could somebody explain in details what exactly is it that we are trying to do, for how long and what are the limits to our involvement?" ("Could somebody explain in details what it is that we are trying to do, for how long and what are the limits to our involvement?") was just an isolated pessimistic view of the outcome of the operation - highly relevant even today given the current US situation in Iraq. The notion that UNITAF firepower would bring peace and stability to Somalia quickly dissipated in a round of endless negotiations organised by the UN. Agreements reached one day were no longer valid the next, as the parties that had negotiated them were constantly splitting into warring factions. The basic condition of the negotiations was the disarmament of the militias, but the leaders of the various clans saw the disarmament of the militias as weakening their hold on the various areas of the country. A stalemate had arisen and UNOSOM could not distribute humanitarian aid without the help of the individual leaders controlling the territories, and they did not want to provide aid because their instrument of power, the armed militias, was being disarmed. The main type of weaponry was pickup trucks or other off-road vehicles mounted with 12.7mm or 14.5mm machine guns, possibly armed with a U.S.-made 106mm recoilless rifle; militia members were armed with AK-47 or M-16. The methods of disarming the militias also varied - the Italian contingent used bribes to disarm local militias, while the French Foreign Legion contingent was adamant in enforcing the mission's mandate. Unfortunately, the security situation in the country steadily deteriorated after Mohamed Farrah Aidid again demanded the withdrawal of UN troops from the country in January 1993. Conflicts broke out between armed Somali militias and UN troops. UN troops launched operations to enforce peace and provide humanitarian aid to the population. The seizure of the Mogadishu airfield and the ousting of General MORGAN's Somali militia from Mogadishu in January 1993 was carried out by units of French and Belgian paracommandos supported by AH-1F COBRA attack helicopters from the U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division. The port of Kisimayo was seized in January 1993 following the landing of Navy SEALs and Belgian paracommandos. On 26 January, the UN Secretary-General congratulated UNITAF on the rapid and smooth handling of the situation in the country and announced the transformation of UNITAF into UNOSOM II.


Operation Restore Hope ultimately saved 200,000 Somali lives, stopped famine and improved the security situation in the country. On the other hand, as with Operation Provide Relief, contradictions emerged between the US and the UN. Because of these disagreements and the differences between the various members of UNITAF and the U.S. Central Command (CENTCOM), and after understanding the situation that there were too many weapons in the hands of the local militias and that disarming the country was impossible, President Clinton announced a reduction in the number of U.S. troops (June 1993 - 1,300 people) in the UNITAF mission. At the same time, the U.S. relinquished its leadership role in the mission, and on May 4, Operation Restore Hope was terminated


On 4 May, UNOSOM II took over from UNITAF troops, but the situation on the ground was far from calm. On June 5, 1993, 25 Pakistani soldiers were killed by Somali militia while inspecting an arms depot. Several armoured vehicles were destroyed, some soldiers were captured and later executed, 10 were reported missing and 54 wounded. The bodies of the victims were subjected to torture. One of the reasons for the massacre was that the Pakistani patrol was armed only with small arms, did not have an aerial guide who could speak English, and arrangements for air support during the patrol were not made. Behind this incident stood Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his supporters. On June 12, U.S. forces began attacking targets in Mogadishu that belonged to Aidid, and these attacks continued until June 16, 1993. Jonathan T. Howe, as Special Envoy of the Secretary-General of UNISOM, issued a $25,000 reward for information leading to the arrest of Mohamed Farrah Aidid. He further demanded that an anti-terrorist operation be carried out against those responsible for the deaths of Pakistani soldiers. On July 12, 1993, U.S. AH-1F Cobra helicopters attacked the building where a meeting of Aida's Habr Gedir clan was to be held. During the 17-minute attack, 16 Hellfire missiles and several thousand 20mm projectiles were fired by the helicopters, the building complex was destroyed and over 50 Habr Gedir clan members and many Somalis were killed or wounded. An angry mob then beat to death 4 western journalists (Dan Eldon, Hos Maina, Hansi Kraus , Anthony Macharia) trying to film the scene of the attack.


On August 28, 1993, a "Task Force Ranger" composed of units of the 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment and the 1st SFOD-Delta, supported by the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (SOAR), arrives in Somalia to reinforce US forces and capture or kill Mohamed Farrah Aidid and his main associates, but not under UN command.
In early September 1993, the Pakistani battalion is again surrounded and is liberated by US forces at the cost of several dead and wounded Pakistani soldiers. In late September 1993, a Black Hawk helicopter is shot down and the crew killed and mutilated. On October 3, 1993, DELTA and RANGERS launch Operation IRENA attack on AIDIDID headquarters to capture or kill AIDIDID. 2 Black Hawk helicopters are shot down by the action of anti-aircraft guns. The action lasted 15 hours. The Mogadishu operation was one of the most intense urban battles during the US forces' time in Somalia. The operation resulted in 18 dead U.S. soldiers, 73 wounded, and an estimated 500 to 700 dead Somali citizens. A Pakistani tank battalion comes to the rescue. During the rescue of the American forces, troops of the Pakistani tank battalion lost 4 tanks. After this action in Mogadishu, the primary objective of US forces became to protect their own forces. The U.S. Quick Reaction Force was reinforced with M1A1 tanks and Bradley infantry fighting vehicles. On October 9, 1993, the USC/SNA declared UNOSOM II forces hostile and the presence of UN personnel in the country undesirable .The UN attempted to organize talks between the rival clans and factions largely to no avail. Since the events of October 1993, the UN has sought to strengthen the role of the international police force and has directed its efforts towards the distribution of humanitarian aid. At the end of October, U.S. President William Clinton declares the departure of U.S. troops on March 31, 1994, and so the last U.S. soldier leaves Somalia at the end of March 1994, followed by France, Sweden, and Belgium later withdrawing from Somalia. The UNSC decides to terminate UNOSOM II in March 1995... To ensure this departure, the UN organized Operation United Shield under the leadership of US-Lieutenant General Anthony Zinni, with the participation of France, India, Italy, Malaysia, Pakistan and the UK. The aim of the operation was to evacuate UN personnel from Somalia. Between 28 December and 5 January 1995, a contingent from Zimbabwe was evacuated and Malaysia followed on 11 January with a Pakistani field hospital so that the UNOSOM II personnel strength was reduced to 7,956 by 2 February 1995 (Bangladesh, Egypt, Pakistan). The international humanitarian organisations, which could no longer be guaranteed security in the country by the UN because of the reduction in numbers, withdrew to Mogadishu and from there to Nairobi on 14 February. Between 12 and 15 February, a further 1 750 members of the Pakistani contingent left Mogadishu, followed by the Egyptian brigade, which left the country between 17 and 20 February 1995. 4,000 members of the Joint Task Force were used to ensure this departure, and so in March 1995 the last UNHCR humanitarian mission and UN soldier left Somalia. The evacuation was carried out without loss of life.


EpilogueEpilogue
In 1994, although the leaders of the two most powerful rival factions Ali Mahdi Mohammed and Mohammed Farah Aidid signed a statement calling for a ceasefire, new fighting broke out in 1995. In June 1996, Mohammed Farah Aidid died after being wounded in negotiations with a hostile faction. In 1998, 4 regions declared the autonomous state of "Puntland" (Puntland). In 2000, in Djibouti, all Somali tribes and clans agreed to form the TNG (Transitional National Government), which was given a three-year political mandate to form the Federal Republic of Somalia. However, the TNG has not yet been able to bring order and unite the Republic of Somaliland or Puntland with other volatile regions in the south. Numerous warlords and armed factions continue to fight for control of Mogadishu and other southern regions.


The peacekeeping mission in Somalia was the first in which international forces simultaneously performed peacekeeping and peace enforcement tasks while providing humanitarian assistance. It was also the first time that the UN intervened without a formal invitation from the government of the country concerned (as none existed). One of the failures of the mission (UNSOM , UNITAF , UNOSOM II) was the distrust of the country's population in the UN. The Secretary General of the UN at the time was Butrus Butrus-Ghali, a prominent supporter of Barre when he headed the Egyptian Foreign Ministry. Military force was used disproportionately and troops were deployed to the area without knowledge of local customs and conditions. The UN was exhausting itself in going nowhere in peace and political talks between rival factions and clans, and the UN troops became just another belligerent party in this hopeless conflict. The failure of U.S. foreign policy in Somalia is largely responsible for U.S. hesitation about humanitarian interventions in Bosnia and Rwanda.


In any case, despite the mistakes, foreign interventions in Somalia have helped reduce the number of casualties in the civil war, helped distribute humanitarian aid, and sought to improve the security situation in the country and return to stable conditions.


Overview of troops involved in peacekeeping and humanitarian operations (1992-1995)


UNITED STATES OF AMERICA


United States Air Force


4th Air Force
* 349th Air Mobility Wing (AMW)
- 70th Air Refuelling Squadron (KC-10)
- 79th ARS (KC-10)
- 301st Airlift Squadron (C-5)
- 312th AS (C-5)
- 349th Aeromedical Evacuation Squadron (C-141)


* 433rd Airlift Wing (AW)
- 68th AS (C-5)


* 927th Air Refuelling Wing (ARW)
- 64th ARS (KC-135)


18th Air Force
* 21st Expeditionary Mobility Task Force
- 19th Air Refuelling Group (ARG)
- 99th ARS (KC-135)


* 436th AW
- 3rd AS (C-5)
- 9th AS (C-5)


* 914th AW
- 328th AS (C-130H)
- 914th AES


15th Expeditionary Mobility Task Force
* 22nd ARW
- 344th ARS
- 349th ARS
- 350th ARS
- 384th ARS


* 60th AMW
- 6th ARS (KC-10)
- 9th ARS (KC-10)
- 22nd AS (C-5)


* 62nd AW
- 4th AS (C-141B)
- 7th AS (C-17A)
- 8th AS (C-141B)


22nd Air Force
* 314th AW
- ? AS (C-130E)
- ? AS (C-130E)


* 315th AW
- 300th AS
- 317th AS
- 701st AS
- 315th AES


* 437th AW
- ? AS (C-141B)
- ? AS (C-141B)


* AW
- ? AS (C-141B)
- ? AS (C-141B)


* 302nd AW
- 731st AS (C-130)


* 463rd AW
- 772nd AS (C-130H)


* Alaska ANG
- 2nd AS (C-130H)


* Kentucky ANG
- 165th AS (C-130H)


* Ohio ANG
- 144th AS (C-130H)


* 16th Special Operations Wing
- 16th Special Operations Squadron (AC-130H)


* 720th Special Tactics Group (STG)
- 23rd Special Tactics Squadron (STS)
- 24th Special Tactics Squadron



United States Navy


Operation 'Eastern Exit', 1992
* USS Guam LPH-9
- HMM-? (AH-1W, CH-46E, CH-53E)
- HMLA-? (AH-1W, UH-1N)
* USS Trenton LPD-14


Subsequent Operations (1993-1994)
* Wasp Amphibious Ready Group
- USS Wasp LHD-1
- USS Barnstable County LST-1197
- USS El Paso LKA-117
- USS Nashville LPD-13


* Tarawa ARG
* USS Tarawa LHA-1, with HMLA-367 embarked (in the area from 09/92 until 12/92), including:
- VMA-211 (AV-8B)
- HMLA-367 (AH-1W, UH-1N)
- HMH-466 (CH-53E)
- HMM-161 (CH-46E)


* Ranger Carrier Battle Group
* USS Ranger CV-61, with CVW-2 (NE) embarked (in the area from 08/92 until 12/92), including:
- VF-1 (F-14A)
- VF-2 (F-14A TARPS)
- VA-145 (A-6E)
- VA-155 (A-6E, KA-6D)
- VAW-116 (E-2C)
- VAQ-131 (EA-6B)
- VS-38 (S-3B)
- HS-14 (SH-3H)
Escort ships unknown.


* Tripoli ARG
* USS Tripoli LPH-10, with HMLA-369 embarked (in the area from 12/92 until ?/93), including:
- HMM-164 (AH-1W, CH-46E, CH-53E)
- HMLA-369 (AH-1W, UH-1N, MH-53E - partially deployed in Mogadishu)


* Kitty Hawk Carrier Battle Group
* USS Kitty Hawk CV-63, with CVW-14 (NK) embarked (in the area from 12/92 until 01/93), including:
- VF-51 (F-14A)
- VF-111 (F-14A TARPS)
- VFA-27 (F/A-18C)
- VFA-97 (F/A-18C)
- VA-52 (A-6D, KA-6D)
- VAW-114 (E-2C)
- VAQ-134 (EA-6B)
- VS-37 (S-3B)
- HS-4 (SH-60F)


Pellet ARG
* USS Peleliu LHA-5, with HMM-? embarked (in the area from 02/94 until 05/94), including:
- HMM-? (AH-1W, CH-46E, CH-53E)
- HMLA-? (AH-1W, UH-1N)


* Abraham Lincoln Carrier Battle Group
* USS Abraham Lincoln CVN-72, with CVW-11 (NH) embarked, including:
- VF-114 (F-14A)
- VF-213 (F-14A TARPS)
- VFA-22 (F/A-18C)
- VFA-94 (F/A-18C)
- VA-95 (A-6E, KA-6D)
- VAW-117 (E-2C)
- VAQ-135 (EA-6B)
- HS-6 (SH-60F, HH-60H)
- VS-29 (S-3A)


USS Wasp ARG
* USS Wasp LHD-1, with HMM-? embarked (in the area from 11/94 until 02/95), including:
- VMA-? (AV-8B)
- HMM-? (AH-1W, CH-46E, CH-53E)
- HMLA-? (AH-1W, UH-1N)


* New Orleans ARG
- USS New Orleans LPH-11
- USS Denver LPD-9
- USS Comstock LSD-45
- USS Cayuga LST-1186


* Guadalcanal ARG
- USS Guadalcanal LPH-7
- USS Shreveport LPD-12
- USS Ashland LSD-48
- USS Savannah AOR-4
- USS Butte AE-27


* America Carrier Battle Group
* USS America CV-66, with CVW-1 (AB) embarked, including:
- VF-102 Diamondbacks (F-14ATARPS)
- VF-33 Starfighters (F-14A)
- VFA-82 (F/A-18C)
- VFA-86 (F/A-18C)
- VA-85 (A-6E)
- VAW-123 (E-2C)
- VAQ-137 (EA-6B)
- HS-11 (SH-3H)
- VS-32 (S-3B)


* Destroyer Squadron 14
- USS Normandy CG-60
- USS Monterey CG-61
- USS Scott DDG-995
- USS Thorn DD-988
- USS Simpson FFG-56
- USS Boone FFG-28
- USS Alexandria SSN-757
- USS Groton SSN-694
- USS Osprey (MHC-51)



Operations in 1995
* Belleau Wood ARG
* USS Belleau Wood LHA-3, with HMM-? embarked, including:
- HMM-? (AH-1W, CH-46E, CH-53E)
- HMLA-? (AH-1W, UH-1N)
* USS Essex LHD-2
* USS Fort Fisher LSD-40
* USS Ogden LPD-5
* USS Lake Erie (CG-70)



Naval Construction Force
* 1st Naval Construction Division
- 30th Naval Construction Regiment (Pacific), Naval Mobile Construction Battalion FORTY
- 22nd Naval Construction Regiment (Atlantic), Naval Mobile Construction Battalion ONE


United States Marine Corps


I/III Marine Expeditionary Force
- 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit
- 13th MEU (SOC)
- 15th MEU


* 1st Marine Division
- 1st Marine Regiment, including 1st Battalion (1/4) and 3rd Battalion (3/1)
- 7th Marine Regiment, including 1st Battalion (1/7), 3rd Battalion (3/7), and 3rd Battalion (3/11)


* 3rd Marine Division
- 9th Marine Regiment, including 1st Battalion (1/9), 2nd Battalion (2/9), and 3rd Battalion (3/9)


1st Marine Air Wing
* Marine Aircraft Group 36 [MAG-36], including VMGR-152 (KC-130R)


3rd Marine Air Wing
* Marine Aircraft Group 39 [MAG-39], including:
- HMLA-169 (UH-1N, AH-1W)
- HMLA-369 (UH-1N, AH-1W)
- HMM-164 (CH-46E)
- HMM-268 (CH-46E)
- MALS-39



II MEF
4th Marine Expeditionary Brigade
- 22nd MEU
- 24th MEU (SOC)
- 26th MEU
- 22nd MSSG
- 24th MSSG


2nd Marine Division
- 2nd Marine Regiment, including 1st Battalion (1/2), and 3rd Battalion (3/2)


* 2nd Marine Air Wing
- Marine Aircraft Group 26 [MAG-26], including MHL/A-167 (UH-1N, AH-1T, AH-1W)
- Marine Aircraft Group 29 [MAG-29], including HMM-263 (CH-46E)


United States Army


Forces Command
* NETCOM
- 93rd Signal Brigade, with 63rd Signal Battalion
- 11th Signal Brigade, with 593rd Signal Battalion


XVIII Airborne Corps
10th Mountain Division (Light Infantry)
* HHC, 1st Brigade, including 2nd Battalion - 22nd Infantry Regiment


* 2nd Brigade, including:
- 2nd Battalion - 14th Infantry Regiment
- 3rd Battalion - 14th Infantry Regiment
- 2nd Battalion - 87th Infantry Regiment
- Company E (TOW)


* HHC, Aviation Brigade, including:
- 3rd Battalion - 25th Aviation
- 3rd Squadron - 17th Cavalry


* HHB, Division Artillery, including:
- 1st Battalion - 7th Field Artillery
- 2nd Battalion - 7th Field Artillery


* HHC, Division Support Command, including:
- 46th Support Battalion
- 210th Support Battalion (Forward)
- 710th Support Battalion (Main)


* Air Defense Artillery
- Battery A, 3rd Battalion - 62nd ADA
- Battery B, 3rd Battalion - 62nd ADA


* 10th Signal Battalion


* 41st Engineer Battalion


* DISCOM
- 710th Main Support Battalion
- 110th Military Intelligence Battalion
- Long Range Surveillance Detachment
- 10th Military Police Battalion, including 511th MP Company


3rd Infantry Division (Mechanized)
* 2nd Brigade
- 1st Battalion - 64th Armor Regiment (M1)


* Engineer Brigade
- 36th Engineer Group, including 608th Ordinance Company


101st Airborne Division
- 101st Combat Support Group, including 561st Combat Support Battalion


* 16th Military Police Brigade (Abn), including:
- 503rd Military Police Battalion, including 21st Military Police Company


* 1st Corps Support Command
* 507th Corps Support Group, with 7th Transportation Battalion



I Corps
* 62nd Medical Group, including:
- 86th Evacuation Hospital
- 32nd Medical Logistics Battalion
- 159th Medical Company (Air Ambulance, UH-60A)
- 514th Medical Company (Ambulance)
- 423rd Medical Company (Clearing)
- 61st Medical Detachment (Sanitation)
- 224th Medical Detachment (Sanitation)
- 227th Medical Detachment (Epidemiology)
- 485th Medical Detachment (Entomology)
- 555th Medical Detachment (Forward Surgery)
- 73rd Veterinary Detachment
- 248th Veterinary Detachment
- 257th Dental Detachment
- 528th Combat Stress Control Detachment


* 42nd Medical Task Force
- 42nd Field Hospital
- 147th Medical Logistics Battalion
- 61st Area Support Medical Battalion
- 45th Medical Company (Air Ambulance)
- 105th Medical Detachment (Sanitation)
- 248th Veterinary Detachment
- 528th Combat Stress Control Detachment
- 46th Medical Task Force
- 46th Combat Support Hospital
- 32nd Medical Logistics Battalion
- 61st Area Support Medical Battalion
- 82nd Medical Company (Air Ambulance)
- 926th Preventive Medicine Detachment
- 248th Veterinary Detachment
- 47th Forward Support Medical Company
- 528th Combat Stress Control Detachment


- 502nd Aviation Regiment (CH-47D)
- 7th/9th Bn., 227th AR (UH-60A)


III Corps
1st Cavalry Division
* 4th Brigade, including 4-227 AVN


* 312th Military Intelligence Battalion


* 89th Military Police Brigade, including 759th Military Police Battalion with 984th Military Police Company
- 300th Military Police Company
- 977th Military Police Company


* 937th Engineer Group, with 924th Military Police Battalion


13th COSCOM
* 64th Combat Support Group, including 180th Transportation Battalion with 418th Transportation Company
- 553rd Transportation Battalion
- 602nd Maintenance Company



ARCENT
- 377th Theater Support Command, including 43rd Area Support Group with 68th Corps Support Battalion



US Army National Guard


* 24th Infantry Division (Mechanized) - Pre-National Guard
- 15th Regiment, including 3rd Battalion



US Army Reserve


5th Army - Awaiting information


US Special Forces


US Army Special Operations Command
- 75th Ranger Regiment, including 3rd Battalion with B Company
- 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne)
- 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment (Airborne) Delta
- 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne) with
AH/MH-6 Little Bird
MH-60 Pave Hawk
MH-47E Chinook


- 4th Psychological Operations Group (Airborne)
- 96th Civil Affairs Battalion (Airborne)


* Southern Air Transport
- Lockheed Hercules L-100-30 transports wearing the UN-logo "WFP″ were noticed in Somalia several times in 1992 and 1993; supposedly, they were chartered for support of the World Food Program.



Naval Special Warfare Command
- Naval Special Warfare Group ONE, with SEAL Team ONE
- Naval Special Warfare Group TWO, with SEAL Team TWO and SEAL Team EIGHT



AUSTRALIA


Royal Australian Army
Royal Australian Air Force
- 36 Squadron (C-130H)


Navy
- HMAS Tobruk L50
- HMAS Jervis Bay GT203


1st Royal Australian Regiment
* 1st Battalion, including:
- Battalion HQ (-)
- A Company
- B Company
- C Company
- D Company
- Support Company


* 4th Cavalry Regiment (-), including 3rd Battalion with B Squadron


* 103 Signals Squadron (-)


* Battalion HQ (+), with 107 Field Battery (81mm mortars)


* 3 Combat Engineer Regiment, with 17 Field Troop


* 1st Field Regiment


* Battalion Support Group


* Special Air Service Regiment, 3 Squadron with J Troop



BANGLADESH


Army
- Military Observers (UNOSOM I)


* 21 HQ Staff
- 1906 Infantry/Artillery/Signals
- 40 Military Police



BELGIUM


Air Force
* 15 Wing
- 20 escadrille (Tactical Flight) (C-130E)


Army
* Composante Terre
- De paracommando-eenheden, 2eme Battalion Commando



BOTSWANA


Army
- ? Battalion


CANADA


Canadian Air Force
* 8th Wing
- 429 Squadron (CC-130)
- 436 Squadron (CC-130)


* 12 Wing
- 423 Squadron (CH-124) - HELAIRDET TO Preserver


* 17 Wing
- 435 Squadron (CC-130)


Land Forces Central Area
- Canadian Airborne Regiment
- 1 Commando
- 2 Commando
- 3 Commando


* 1 Royal Canadian Regiment, including 1st Battalion with Mortar Platoon


* 2nd Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group, including Royal Canadian Dragoons with A Squadron (Bison)


* 2nd Canadian Engineer Regiment


* 1st Canadian Division Headquarters and Signals Regiment, A Troop


Royal Canadian Navy
* Maritime Forces Atlantic
- HMCS Preserver 510



EGYPT


Army
- ? Brigade



FRANCE


Armée de l'Air (Air Force)
* Commandement de la Force Aérienne de Projection (CFAP)
- Escadron de Transport d'Outre Mer (ETOM) 88 (C.160F)
- Escadron de Transport (ET) 2/61 (C-130H)
- Escadron de Transport (ET) 1/64, 2/64 (C.160NG)


Force d'Action Navale (Navy)
- Frégate Dupleix D641


Armée de Terre (Army)
* 11ieme Brigade aéroportée (11th Airborne Brigade), including:
- Légion étrangère De Français, 2eme Régiment étranger des parachutistes (2 REP) from 13e Demi-Brigade de Légion étrangère
- 3rd Company CAE (Recon and Support)


ALAT (Aviation Légère de l'Armée de Terre)
- 4e Division Aéromobile (Force d'Action Rapide), with 2 RHCs (one with SA.330B Puma and other with SA.342M Gazelle helicopters)



GERMANY


Luftwaffe (Air Force)
- LTG.61 (C.160D)
- LTG.62 (C.160D)
- LTG.63 (C.160D)


INDIA


Navy
- INS Deepak A50
- INS Kuthar P46
- INS Cheetah L18
- INS Ganga F22
- INS Godavari F20
- INS Shakti A57


Army
* 66 (Independent) Brigade Group
- 1st Battalion Bihar Regiment
- 5th Battalion Mahar Regiment
- 3rd Battalion Jammu Kashmir Light Infantry Regiment
- 3rd Battalion Mechanised Infantry
- 7th Cavalry
- 8722 Light Battery
- 6 Reconnaissance and Observation Flight
- Helicopter Unit 111


IRELAND


Army
- 1 Transport Company
- 2 Transport Company
- Army Ranger Wing (Elements)


ITALY


Air Force (AMI)
* 46 Brigata Aerea
- 98 Gr/TM (G.222)


* 15 Stormo
- 83 Centro (HH-3F)


Army
* 1st Defense Force Command (Vittorio Veneto)
- 'Folgore' Parachutist Brigade
- 'Legnano' mechanized brigade


- 49 Gruppo (A.129)
- 1 Regimento (CH-47C, AB.205)


MALAYSIA


Army
* Penugasan PBB
- MISI PBB
- MALBAT I/19 Royal Malay Regiment (Mech) (Condor APC)
- MALBAT II/7 Royal Rangers Regiment (Mech) (Condor APC)
- MALBAT III/7 Royal Malay Regiment (Mech) (Condor APC)


NEPAL


Army
- Security Unit


NEW ZEALAND


Royal New Zealand Air Force
- 42 Squadron (Andover C Mk1)



NIGERIA


Army
- Battalion Operations/Staff Officer
- ? Battalion



PAKISTAN


Army
* 7 Frontier Force Regiment
- Battalion (UNOSOM I)


* HQ 4 (1) Infantry Brigade
- 19 Lancers Regiment
- 4 Punjab Regiment
- 5 Frontier Force Regiment
- 8 Frontier Force Regiment
- 15 Frontier Force Regiment
- 4 Sind Regiment


* HQ 6 Brigade
- 6 Punjab Regiment
- 7 Frontier Force Regiment
- 10 Baluch Regiment
- 1 Sind Regiment


ROMANIA


Army
- Military Police Company



UNITED KINGDOM


Royal Air Force (RAF)
- No.24 Sqn (Hercules C.1P)
- No.30 Sqn (Hercules C.1P)
- No.47 Sqn (Hercules C.1P)
- No.70 Sqn (Hercules C.1P)


ZIMBABWE


Zimbabwean Defence Force/Ground Forces (Army)
- ? Battalion
- ? Signal Company


Sources:


Major Eric F. Buer, USMC : United Task Force Somalia (UNITAF) and United Nations Operations (UNOSOM II):A Comparative Analysis of Offensive Air Support Somalia


Gérard Prunier : SOMALIA: CIVIL WAR, INTERVENTION AND WITHDRAWAL
1990-1995(July1995)
www.acig.org
http://www.fpif.org
http://www.change.net.
http://www.wikipedia.org
www.un.org[url=https]
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Prehlad-vojenskych-a-humanitarnych-operacii-v-Somalsku-t47470#185523 Version : 0

Diskuse

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Pěkné, ale je tam docela dost nesrovnalostí, například cílem mise Irena nebylo zajmout nebo zabít Aidída, ale jeho vysoké dva poradce.
A prezident USA "William Clinton" mi taky nějak nesedí.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Prehlad-vojenskych-a-humanitarnych-operacii-v-Somalsku-t47470#208172 Version : 0

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Citace :

Gulde napísal: A prezident USA "William Clinton" mi taky nějak nesedí.




Ale čo ti nesedín na Wiliamovi Clintonovi? . Wiliam Jefferson Clinton bol 42 zvoleným prezidentom USA, na čele USA bol od roku 1993 do roku 2001...
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Prehlad-vojenskych-a-humanitarnych-operacii-v-Somalsku-t47470#208178 Version : 0

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Citace - Gulde :

Pěkné, ale je tam docela dost nesrovnalostí, například cílem mise Irena nebylo zajmout nebo zabít Aidída, ale jeho vysoké dva poradce.
A prezident USA "William Clinton" mi taky nějak nesedí.



ja som pri tvorbe článku vychádzal aj z tohto dokumentu http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/reading_room/778.pdf kde je Aidíd niekoľko krát spomenutý ako primárny cieľ pre americké Task Force.... je ale aj možné že sa mýlim... Smile predpokladám že tvoj názor vychádza zo zhliadnutia filmu Black Hawk down alebo vikipédie.... snažil som sa porovnať si pri cieli operácie Irena čo najviac zdrojov a vyšiel mi z toho Aidíd... a William Clinton to osvetlil buko
pokiaľ máš nejaké doplňujúce info o Somálsku na ktoré som zabudol prípadne nepresne uviedol veľmi rád s tebou podiskutujem na forum.valka.cz
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Prehlad-vojenskych-a-humanitarnych-operacii-v-Somalsku-t47470#208185 Version : 0

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Citace - wade :

ja som pri tvorbe článku vychádzal aj z tohto dokumentu http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/reading_room/778.pdf kde je Aidíd niekoľko krát spomenutý ako primárny cieľ pre americké Task Force.... je ale aj možné že sa mýlim... Smile predpokladám že tvoj názor vychádza zo zhliadnutia filmu Black Hawk down alebo vikipédie.... snažil som sa porovnať si pri cieli operácie Irena čo najviac zdrojov a vyšiel mi z toho Aidíd... a William Clinton to osvetlil buko
pokiaľ máš nejaké doplňujúce info o Somálsku na ktoré som zabudol prípadne nepresne uviedol veľmi rád s tebou podiskutujem na forum.valka.cz

No částečně ze všeho, když jsem opět shlídnul Black Hawk Down, tak jsem se o to začal zajímat, a pročítal po netu různý články a názory, mimo jiné i fórum, kam chodí veteráni co tam tenkrát byli.


Třeba při Ireně 3.10.1993 bylo sestřeleno víc než ty dva profláklý BlackHawky, ale většina se jich stihla odbelhat na základnu, a až tam sebou flákli, sic kontrolovaně Smile
Taky se sluší poznamenat, že Aidid měl syna, Huseina, který se operací v Somálsku taky účastnil, ale na straně US Mariňáků Smile
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