DEU - V-1

Fieseler Fi 103
     
Název:
Name:
Fieseler Fi 103 Fieseler Fi 103
Originální název:
Original Name:
Fieseler Fi 103
Kategorie:
Category:
řízená střela s plochou dráhou letu cruise missile
Výrobce:
Producer:
DD.03.1944-DD.03.1945 Gerhard Fieseler Werke GmbH, Kassel /
Období výroby:
Production Period:
DD.03.1944-DD.03.1945
Vyrobeno kusů:
Number of Produced:
30000
Prototyp vyroben:
Prototype Built:
DD.12.1942
Technické údaje:
Technical Data:
 
Hmotnost střely:
Missile Weight:
2247 kg 4954 lb
Hmotnost hlavice:
Warhead Weight:
847 kg 1867 lb
Celková délka:
Overall Length:
8320 mm 27 ft 3 ½ in ft
Průměr těla:
Diameter:
1420 mm 4 ft 7 ⅞ in ft
Rozpětí křídel:
Wingspan:
5370 mm 17 ft 7 ⅜ in ft
Hlavice:
Warhead:
847 kg trhaviny Amatol-39 1867 lb of Amatol-39 explosive
Způsob navedení:
Guidance System:
- -
Pohon:
Propulsion:
 
Typ:
Type:
pulsační reaktivní motor Argus As 014 Argus As 014 Pulsejet
Výkony:
Performance:
 
Rychlost / Machovo číslo:
Speed / Mach Number:
0,53 0,53
Dosah:
Range:
250 km 155 mi
Uživatelské státy:
User States:
Poznámka:
Note:
varianty:
Fieseler Fi-103A-1
Fieseler Fi-103B-1
Fieseler Fi-103B-2
Fieseler Fi-103C-1
Fieseler Fi-103D-1
Fieseler Fi-103E-1
Fieseler Fi-103F-1
Fieseler Fi 103R
variants:
Fieseler Fi-103A-1
Fieseler Fi-103B-1
Fieseler Fi-103B-2
Fieseler Fi-103C-1
Fieseler Fi-103D-1
Fieseler Fi-103E-1
Fieseler Fi-103F-1
Fieseler Fi 103R
Zdroje:
Sources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb
airandspace.si.edu
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/V1_(missile)

DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#616682 Version : 0
Fieseler Fi 103 (V-1)

The Fieseler Fi 103, officially referred to by German propaganda as the "Vergeltungswaffe" (V-1, Czech: retaliatory weapon), was an autopilot-controlled cruise missile used during World War II. It was the first mass-produced and used missile of its kind in the world (experimental missiles of a similar type existed during World War I). It was a small mid-plane with a cigar-shaped fuselage, all-metal construction, which contained all the equipment. A pulse-jet engine was mounted above the fuselage. The wings were rectangular for the first types, all-metal, and wooden for the later ones. The tail surfaces were of the classic elevator and rudder arrangement. Serial production began in March 1944, and deployment took place in June of that year, when the first missile was fired at London. By the end of March 1945, over 20,000 missiles had been fired, of which about 10,000 were aimed at England, about 2,500 hit the target, the rest were destroyed or failed to hit the target. Around 8,000 Fi 103 missiles were also launched at Antwerp, Brussels and Liege.

And now in a little more detail. In 1942, the "Gerhard Fieseler Werke" (the designer of the missile, Dipl. Ing. Robert Lusser, worked for them), based in Kassel, was appointed by the Ministry of Aviation as the main designer of the missile's conceptual development. This is also where the original abbreviation Fi was derived, soon replaced at the suggestion of the General of the Anti-Aircraft Artillery "FZG 76"(Flak Ziel Gerät) - "flying target for anti-aircraft gun training". Among the development staff it was nicknamed "Kirschkern" - "cherry bomb".

The propulsion of the missile - the pulse engine - was developed between 1940 and 1942 at "Argus -Motoren GmbH"in Berlin-Reinickendorf. The development ended with an engine code-named "Argus 109- 014"], weighing 138 kg, 3.6 m long and with a mean thrust of 2.35 -3.29 kN.The inlet grate also included 9 nozzles for fuel and starting pressure air. At rest, the inlet side of the combustion chamber was thus closed from the inside by these flaps. When the engine was started (during the ground launch, when the missile was connected to the launching console), compressed air and fuel-gasoline (the missile - heavier type I - carried 500 litres of 80 octane gasoline) were released from an external source through the launching console and in the combustion chamber after mixing into an explosive mixture was ignited by the electric spark of a candle through the cable of the launching console. The overpressure of the explosion in the combustion chamber "held" the inlet flares closed on one side and on the other side, through the nozzle, produced the required reactive thrust. After the pressure in the combustion chamber dropped, the inlet flaps opened due to the implosion - pressure difference (there is a vacuum in the chamber at that moment - the external atmosphere is overpressured), the intake air balanced the vacuum in the chamber and at the same time the fuel was dispersed into this air stream through nine nozzles. This mixture was again ignited by a spark or later ignited by the heated walls of the chamber, the overpressure of the explosion closed the nozzles on one side, and on the other side it proceeded backwards through the nozzle of the engine, and the whole working cycle of the engine was repeated. Due to these cyclic working phases - pulses in the engine combustion chamber with a frequency of about 45 pulses per s-1 - the missile's engine emitted a characteristic sound, which led (among other names) to the English vernacular name of the missile "doodle bug"- ("buzzing bug").

A major weakness of the missile was its launch. To achieve the velocity required to exert lift on the wings of the missile by engine pressure alone, a disproportionately long launch path would be required. Therefore, the missile was test-launched (to verify engine operation) first (December 1942) by gliding out of the aircraft - it was carried out by [url=https://www.valka.cz/topic/view/22263/Focke-Wulf-Fw-200-Condor]Fw-200
. Later, during powered launches from the ground (the first launch of the test type took place at the end of 1942), ejection was used to accelerate the missile on the launching ramps (which were 50-55 m long and inclined at 6 degrees for the first heavier type) by means of the overpressure of vapor gas produced during the explosive catalytic decomposition of high percentage hydrogen peroxide with calcium permanganate. The explosive reaction in the launch steam generator, connected at the lower end of the ramp, was triggered in the launch sequence by a pulse from the missile's on-board electrical grid. In 1944, launching ramps began to be produced in a shortened version (for lightweight missiles) as a prefabricated 42 m long jigsaw made of seven six-meter concrete pieces with a rail groove on the top.

The steam clouds during ejection are clearly visible in the photographs below. The catapult, by means of a 150 kg heavy plunger with a drift pin (the so-called "Bumpskopp") moving in the groove of the ramp slide, "hit" the missile's push stop bed with a dynamic force reaching up to 745.7 MW (1 million HP) and, with a launch overload of 15 g1), granted the missile a velocity of about 320 km/h (320 mph) at the end of the ramp. This speed was already quite sufficient to give the missile lift, and the full power of the pulse engine further accelerated the missile by reactive pressure to a maximum flight speed of 540-565 km/h for the first types (with a metal wing span of 5.3 m and a take-off weight of 2180 kg) and 645-800 km/h for the later lighter versions with a wooden wing span of 5.7 m and a smaller effective explosive charge. The range of these versions also increased from the original 240 - 260 km to 370 km due to the higher fuel content. The catapult piston, which while moving upwards through the catapult cylinder was simultaneously pushing a 25 mm diameter hose seal into the upper groove of the ramp and thus sealing the catapult cylinder, flew simultaneously out from under the missile from the ramp cylinder and after a few tens of metres fell in front of the ramp mouth. During launch, the launch console also naturally separated from the missile and the missile "switched" to fully autonomous mode.

In addition to ejection, of course, missile launching from aircraft continued to be used, particularly from He -111. The Luftwaffe participated in the attacks from July 1944 to 1945, launching approximately 1,176 missiles Fi 103 from modified Fi 103 bombers.The Navy prospectively considered launching missiles from ships and submarines.After the war, the U.S. Army tried using rocket launchers instead of catapults to launch captured missiles, with success.

As far as the pulse engine itself was concerned, its great design advantage was its almost trivial simplicity, especially the absence of any moving parts of the engine (except for the oscillating blades and the Luft_LOG propeller), and for this reason also its very cheap production and reliable flight operation.

The Pulse jet engine was patented in principle as early as 1930 by Paul Schmidt of "Maschinnen und Apparatebau" Munich, who built his most powerful functional pulse jet engine SR 500 (diameter 0.51 x length 3.6 m) with a mean thrust of 4.4kN in 1939. The weakness of this motor, however, was its lifetime - 13 minutes of operation. He was involved in the initial development of the motor at "Argus -Motoren GmbH" due to several patent protections. For example, the inlet grate with flexible blades was taken from his patent virtually unchanged). Schmidt was excluded from further development of the engine for the Fi 103.

The actual active control of the missile consisted first of the first phase of flight :
- Guiding the missile to the specified course (after about 15 km of flight from the launch site and within a possible range of + - 60 degrees) and then maintaining a straight course of flight according to the gyrocompass data by means of a rudder on the missile's rear rudder, which at the same time formed the rear engine mount via a flexible support.
- in vertical guidance of the missile by climbing to a flight level which could be programmed in the range 300 - 2000 m.

This was followed by leveling to horizontal flight and maintaining the flight level according to the barometer readings using the elevator. In the next phase of flight, longitudinal-transverse stability was automatically maintained by a system of gyroscopes, baroscope, compass and control air motors. It was therefore an automatic and programmed autopilot. The specified direction given to the missile (after 0 - 3 minutes of deliberate programmatic delay after launch) was maintained by the magnetic compass of the control system located in the tip of the missile, which was therefore wooden, covered with duralumin sheet. The length of the flight was not determined by the time of flight but by measuring the distance already flown by the measuring system "Luft-LOG".

This instrumentation system performed a total of three tasks :
1. After flying a reasonable distance from the take-off - about 70 km - it switched on ( armed ) the electric fuses of the missile charge.
2.For missiles with a radio transmitter - radio beacon mounted, it switched it on about 60 km before the target. At the same time, the 140m long wire antenna was released from the antenna tube cover under the direction finder (according to which the missile with radio can be recognized from the outside) and unwound.
3. After reaching the target ( i.e. reaching zero on the tachometer), the current electrical circuit of the pyropattern ejection device on the keel surfaces switched on. By means of their explosion, the air pressure hoses to the elevator servo motor were cut in a small "gillotine" and at the same time the elevators were shock-locked to the lower extreme position, thus initiating the dive flight of the missile to the target.

This sudden vertical movement of the missile usually also resulted in the interruption of the fuel supply to the engine due to the considerable centrifugal inertial force and its extinction. This ominous silencing of the engine sound foreshadowed the subsequent explosion to those on the target area. At night, the missile's engine could be heard for 16 km or more and the exhaust flames were visible as a signal fire. The most important part of the "Luft-LOG" measuring system was a small propeller located at the tip of the missile. This was rotated by the back pressure of the flowing air and its speed was transmitted via a worm (located on the propeller shaft) to a worm gear made of moulded plastic. On this wheel, two switch pins were placed 180 degrees opposite each other on the circumference. The caster rotated slidingly between the flexible switching contacts of the electrical circuit, so that in one revolution of the caster the electrical circuit was switched twice. The basic pitch of the measuring propeller was chosen so that for every 100 m flown the propeller made 30 revolutions. And since the gear ratio of the worm gearbox was 1 : 30, the worm wheel made one revolution for every 100 m of flight path, closing the electrical circuit twice. These switching pulses ("50-meter") were transmitted to the electromagnet of the switching tachometer located at the rear of the missile. The electromagnet then mechanically transmitted the pulses to the measuring and switching wheels of the tachometer. The switching tachometer itself contained four measuring wheels and two switching wheels. Before take-off, it was set to the desired flight path and then only read out towards zero. After the programmed distances had been flown (i.e., when the appropriate number of revolutions of the distance meter's propeller had been made), the contact for arming the electrical circuit of the charge's igniter was first switched on (about 70 km from the launch site), about 60 km before the target (if the missile had one) the radio was switched on and its antenna deployed, and then, upon reaching the target, the pyropatron circuit of the elevator was switched on, which locked for dive flight in the manner described above. The missile then reached up to 800 km/h. After impact, the charge was detonated by one of a triplet of three-principal igniters - two mechanical with omnidirectional activation, one electric impact and a clockwork timed igniter - for reliable effect at the target.

Some of the missiles were (as already mentioned) equipped with a radio device "FuG - with 23B" for transmitting an omnidirectional signal, thus serving as a radio beacon. The radio worked with a powerful 1MHz oscillator and transmitted slowly using a morse-letter keying elmotor "K" -.-. After it fell silent, cross-targeting could determine the impact location. Fortunately for the poor Londoners, the Luftwaffe evaluation service trusted the false reports of converted agents from Britain and the BBC reports (that the missiles were not reaching the target area) rather than the missiles' own radio beacons, which, as was found after the war, worked perfectly accurately.

There is another interesting fact connected with the flying of the first test missiles. During the first flight tests, the missile's stability on the flight path proved to be its greatest weakness. After a series of setbacks, the designers reportedly finally decided to take a risky step. They modified the missile for easy piloting by placing a miniature cockpit with the most necessary pilot apparatus in the explosive compartment and placing a landing skid on the bottom of the missile. However, only a pilot of very small stature could fit into the cockpit thus modified. A well-deserving party member, the well-known sports and test pilot Hanna Reitsch, a woman of small and slight stature but with a great deal of piloting experience, willingly volunteered for the task. She flew several test flights on this modified version of the missile after it was launched, during which she was able to find the faults and help fix them.

( H. Reitch also collaborated in flying the Me 163 missile fighter glider. By an unfortunate coincidence, during one of her test flights with this rocket plane, she crashed on landing and was severely injured. After her recovery, Adolf Hitler personally decorated her with the "Iron Cross")

The components of the missile were produced in 17 factories in Germany. The final production assembly of the missiles was entrusted to the "Volkswagen" plant in Fellersleben. The plan set production at 3,000 units per month. In September 1943, assembly of the first missiles began. However, due to the non-conceptual and collision-parallel missile development program A4 (V-2), the production of the combat missiles was very slow (shortly after the decision to start production of the "Fi-103", production was curtailed and the priority was transferred to the A-4) and the first combat missile "Fi 103" was only launched for training on 16 October 1943. By the end of October 1943, only 6 missiles were then delivered for training, and still without directional rudders. However, according to the training plan, at least 200 missiles should have been delivered by that time to complete the training and verify the firing tables.

Note
1)H.Reitsch gives in her book "Flying-My Life" a figure of about 17g



Sources :
KROULÍK, Jiří, RŮŽIČKA, Bedřich. : Military rockets, published by Naše vojsko, edition I., Prague 1985, ISBN (?) 28-067-85.
HORSKÝ Jiří; PRAŽÁK Jiří : The Secret of Island X, published by MAGNET Prague 1968
BREUER, William B. : Secret Weapons of World War II, published by Aradan 2004, edition 1.ISBN 80-86469-34-4
NEJTEK, Vilém M.: Death Learns to Fly 2nd ed. 2nd and upr. ed.,Prague : Naše vojsko, 1990.,ISBN 80-206-0067-1
BERGIER Jacques : Secret agents against secret weapons 1st ed. Prague : Orbis, 1971
IRVING, David : Tajné zbraně, 1. vydání Praha 1969 Naše vojsko 28/52-076-69
modified sketch from http://www.warbirdsresourcegroup.org/LRG/v1.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb
Author Archive

DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#157097 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

- "Vergeltungswaffe 1"


- v období vývoje nazývaná FZG 76 (Flak Ziel Gerät)


Rozpětí: 5,3 m
Délka: 7,9 m
Vzletová hmotnost: 2180 kg
Max. rychlost: 645-765 km/h
Dolet: 370 km
Hmotnost nálože: 850 kg
Obsah paliva: 640 l benzínu
Spotřeba: 27l/min


Řídící systém: firma Askania
Pohonná jednotka: reaktivní (pulsační) motor Argus 109-014
Frekvence: 3000-3600 pulsů/min


Každá desátá střela vybavena vysílačkou.


Počet odpalovacích ramp za WW2: cca 400
První odpaly: červen 1944, z 55 katapultů
Do března 1945 odpálili Němci přes 10 500 srřel na Londýn (cca 3000 nedoletělo)
Poslední z 2400 střel dopadla na Londýn 29.3. 1945
- 8696 střel vypáleno na Belgické Antverpy
- 3141 vypáleno na Lutych a Brusel (dopadlo 2448)


Ztráty udávané Británií:
- 6214 mrtvých
- přes 18 000 zraněných
- 123 000 poškozených nebo zničených budov
URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#63942 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Fieseler Fi 103V1
DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#24689 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Fieseler Fi 103V1
DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#24690 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Fieseler Fi 103 (V-1):
DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#63943 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Odpalovací rampa:
DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#63944 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Fi 103:
DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#63945 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Fi 103:
DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#63946 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

V-1 ve sbírkách vojenského historického muzea Bundeswehru v Drážďanech.
DEU - V-1 - zdroj: vlastní archív

zdroj: vlastní archív
DEU - V-1 - zdroj: vlastní archív

zdroj: vlastní archív
URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#227663 Version : 0
Duxford Museum, author's archive
DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#310114 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

V-1


autor: Zbyněk Válka, zveřejněno s laskavým svolením autora
DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#388946 Version : 0
Own photo.
DEU - V-1 - Imperial War Museum, London

Imperial War Museum, London
DEU - V-1 - Imperial War Museum, London

Imperial War Museum, London
DEU - V-1 - Imperial War Museum, London

Imperial War Museum, London
DEU - V-1 - Imperial War Museum, London

Imperial War Museum, London
URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#534179 Version : 0
Podzemný plant for the production of striel In 1 and 2 after obsadení Američanmi, Kohnstein bei Niedersachswerfen, 1945.

source: www.bundesarchiv.de.
DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#536587 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Cosmosphere, 112023


© Radoslav Hašek
zveřejněno s laskavým svolením autora

DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


DEU - V-1 -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-V-1-t17466#740250 Version : 0
Discussion post Fact post
Attachments


Join us

We believe that there are people with different interests and experiences who could contribute their knowledge and ideas. If you love military history and have experience in historical research, writing articles, editing text, moderating, creating images, graphics or videos, or simply have a desire to contribute to our unique system, you can join us and help us create content that will be interesting and beneficial to other readers.

Find out more