Micubiši G3M [Nell]

Mitsubishi G3M - přehled verzí
Mitsubishi G3M and L3Y - an overview of the versions

Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha in Nagoya
Production license for Nakajima Hikoki Kabushiki Kaisha in Koizumi

Mitsubishi Ka-9 prototype
- development from 1933 until April 1934, when was the first take-off, 2x inline engine Hiro on the performance of 500 horsepower, the wing has a covering of corrugated duralumin sheet.

Mitsubishi Ka-15 prototype
- a total of 21 aircraft were deployed from July 1935, the coating of the wings was smooth, but remained Junkersova the drain flap, engines: 2x Hiro 91 an output of 750 horses, or the stream of the Mitsubishi Kinsei 2 or 3 on the performance of 830 or 910 horsepower.

Mitsubishi G3M1 11 type 96 Nell - 九六式陸上攻撃機一一型
- made of 34 pieces, engines Kinsei 2 or 3, three zatažitelná shooting range with machine guns the Type 92 the caliber of 7.7 mm.

Mitsubishi G3M2 21 Nell - 九六式陸上攻撃機二一型
- built 343 pieces in the years 1937-1939, the engines Kinsei 41 or 43 performance 1 075 horses, weak armament at the level of the G3M1.

Mitsubishi G3M2 22 Nell - 九六式陸上攻撃機二二型
- built 238 pieces and undetected for a number of produced by Nakajima in the years 1939-1941, instead of the rear of the upper range of the dome with a 20 mm cannon Type 99 and place the lower range of the two side-machine guns, Type 92, the last blocks were high-rise engines Kinsei 45.

Mitsubishi G3M3 23 Nell - 九六式陸上攻撃機二三型
- in 1941, introduced in the factory Nakajima Hikoki To. To. version G3M3 23, with engines Kinsei 51 capacity of 1 300 horses.

Yokosuka L3Y1 Tina - 九六式陆上运输机
- modification of several machines G3M1 on the transport version, the window in the fuselage, on the back of left range with a machine gun 7.7 mm. The adjustment took place in the maritime arsenal in Yokosuce.

Yokosuka L3Y2 Tina - 九六式陆上运输机
-a more modern transport aircraft having a basis in the G3M2.

were built in Total 1 048 aircraft G3M

The initiator of the development of this bomber was the then chief of the technical administration of the naval air force admiral Yamamoto..
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Mitsubishi G3M / 三菱G3M
- / - / Nell
九六式陸上攻撃機 / 96 shiki rikujo kogekiki / attack aircraft for land base Type 96

origin and development:
If we want to get to know the historical development of the attack bomber type 96 well-known in the my ally code as Nell, we have to go back up to the first half of the thirties, when Kaigun Koku Hombu (command of naval air force) compiled in the spring of 1933 the technical specifications of the 8-Shi.
These specifications requested the naval air force for the products of aviation technology, strategic reconnaissance aircraft with extremely long range, which should be able to carry out reconnaissance flights over the american base of Pearl Harbor or over the Philippines. In the specifications, it was considered to range 7 400 kilometers, after it was found that these requirements are unrealistic, reduce the Kaigun Koku Hombu your requirements and the demanded range of 3 700 kilometers. Pearl Harbor was to be the aircraft flown, the return path would have passed out, because reconnaissance aircraft had to land on the sea next to the submarine. The crew had transferred to the submarine from an aeroplane of the camera and along with the crew of the submarine're gonna sail to Japan, the aircraft was in this operation is lost, obtaining information about the movements of the enemy forces would not only be costly and at the same time, lengthy and complicated.

Ka-9
Work on the project of this aircraft, the factory indicated by the Ka-9 is in the factory Mitsubishi Jukogyo K. To. took the engineers Sueo Honjo, Tomio Kubo and Nobuhiko Hisabake. The designed aircraft was aerodynamically very sophisticated naval and air force it in April 1934 it adopted under the designation of "Special reconnaissance aircraft 8-Shi". The aircraft was due to low consumption of the rank and file of the engines Hiro Type 91 admirable-range – 6 050 kilometers. Project reconnaissance aircraft was, however, at the instigation of the then chief of the technical management of naval aviation rear admiral Isoroku Yamamoto soon changed, the admiral advocated the development of metal bomber aircraft for land base long-range bombers.

G1M1
The new bomber has adopted the maritime air force in February 1934 under the designation "Medium torpedo bomber 8-Shi" or G1M1. Construction of the bomber was drawn, that originally was a reconnaissance aircraft – he was missing a bomb bay. All of the bombs or torpedoes were podvěšeny under the fuselage on external pylons. Another necessary change was the installation of defensive armament, was to the fuselage installed two guns, reconnaissance aircraft armament did not carry it, his defense should be the speed and height of flight. Navy aircraft tried, supposedly it tried even admiral Yamamoto and the design of the aircraft is expressed approvingly, to the weaponry, however, the aircraft received wasn't.

Ka-15
The navy drew up new specifications for the 9-Shi, these specifications were approached directly factory Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha. The factory engineers took as a basis revised the structure of the missed airplane G1M1. Almost unchanged remained the wing of the aircraft Ka-9, the word "almost" I used intentionally, because the surface of the wing has undergone one substantial change – was smooth, the prototype of the Ka-9 had the rear part of the surface of the wing tvořenu wavy duralovým sheet (similar to the Junkers). The hull was a completely new wider, found in it a place for a total of three retractable cylindrical turret with machine guns the type 92 caliber 7.7 mm, these towers were originally designed and manufactured for the larger bomber Hiro G2H1, which, however, was not successful type, and was only produced in a small series of eight pieces. The first flight test of the new bombers were launched in the summer of 1935 (the pilots Yoshitaka Kajima and por. Set), immediately after the first test flights it was clear that the new aircraft has a more than promising flight characteristics. Prototypes were factory marked with the Ka-15 and it was in the course of one year produced a total of 21. the first Few machines it was powered by inline engines Hiro Type 91, you were at the later prototypes mistaken for a stream of the Mitsubishi Kinsei 2 and Kinsei 3. The new aircraft achieve higher performance than the original missed G1M1, but what remained – maintained aircraft carrying any bomb load (up to 800 kg) on external racks under the fuselage. Twelve aircraft were tested in combat conditions in Tatejama Kokutai, the pilots with these aircraft, very satisfied.

G3M1 11
Successful number of twenty-one prototypes of the Ka-15, whose individual pieces from each other when compared to used engines, propellers and glazed or nezasklenými prows of the aircraft, the whole of this series of aircraft was in 1936 adopted to the armament of naval aviation. The navy adopted it as a "Medium assault bomber type 96 model 11", abbreviated G3M1 11. The first serially produced machines were supplied only with neprosklenou the bow, practice has shown that this type of bow suits not only for torpedo attacks, but at the same time does not make any problems when the horizontal high-altitude bombing. A total of were produced by the factory Nagoya 34 aircraft. Aircraft of this version were marked G3M1a model 1A, these were powered by inline engines Hiro type 11 model 2 čtyřlistými nestavitelnými propellers. The second option, labeled as G3M1b model 1B, were machines with engines Mitsubishi Kinsei 2 (Ha-33-02) once again čtyřlistými nestavitelnými propellers. The third variant was identified as the G3M1c model 11C, here were installed the engines Kinsei 3 (Ha-33-03) with trojlistými propellers Hamilton Standard EN 16 with an adjustable angle of attack. Allied intelligence service assigned to this type of name Nell.

G3M2 21
This version was already more numerous produced version of the type G3M, a total of was made by 343 aircraft in this embodiment. The aircraft were powered by powerful engines Kinsei 41/42, enlarged the volume of fuel tanks and introduced some minor changes. Armament remained, to the great detriment, same as with previous versions, only the top turret have been replaced by towers slightly upgraded. The production took place, again in Nagoya in the years 1937-1939. Aircraft of this version during its long operational flights on the chinese battlefield quite often attacked by enemy fighters, during these clashes have suffered from poorly armed bombers to significant losses. Shooters with three rifle caliber machine guns couldn't keep the enemy fighters at a distance, and ejecting the gun turrets bomber in addition slowed down. On their fighter pilots bombers rely can't, you have failed to give the bombers cover for their little range. The japanese tried to extend the range of their fighters by the introduction of auxiliary fuel tanks (A5M2 and above all A5M4), the purchase of fighter jets long-range bombers abroad (A8V1), the introduction of escort fighters G6M1 and finally also the installation of larger and more efficient equipment to the bombers. After the basic version of the G3M2 21 appears a variant of the marked G3M2b model 21B, that is powered by a slightly more powerful engines Kinsei 45 (Ha-33-45), these engines, however, have a better altitude characteristics. From September 1939 she was in the production of introduced the variant of the G3M2c model 21C, in which they appear changes in armament, fire can result from the new side windows, shooting towers – a source of aerodynamic drag then may not extend outward, often not carried by any of the towers.
Several aircraft were modified and used directly by combat units in the version of G3M2-K, in this version it was doubled procedure and it was used until 1943 for final training of pilots.

G3M2 22
This version was manufactured in the years 1939 to 1942, into production from April 1941 engaged with his license production also factory Nakajima Hikoki Kabushiki Kaisha in Koizumi, there was made exactly undetected for a number of these aircraft (I estimate 150 – 200 pcs). The factory of the concern Mitsubishi in Nagoya made in February 1941 a total of 238 aircraft of this version. The most significant change was the installation of larger and more effectively deployed weaponry. Lower retractable turret had very little combat value, therefore, for the new version of the lifted, on the back maintain the front the truck turret, rear dorsal turret was replaced by a spacious kapkovitým of the engine, from which the shooter using the dvacetimilimetrového cannon defending the space behind the plane. On both sides of the fuselage behind the wing was installed relatively large kapkovitá guns manned machine guns type 92 caliber 7.7 mm. Many crews complementary to the standard armament of one machine gun, which was led by defensive fire through the side windows of the cockpit. Version of G3M2 22 was also produced in two versions G3M2a 22A and G3M2b 22B, different was the type of engine Kinsei 42 and Kinsei 45 with a slightly higher performance.

G3M2-Kai
Before the war there arises a reconnaissance version designated G3M2-Kai, it was a modification of the bomber version of the G3M2 model 22. Modification consisted of removing all the shooting equipment and the installation of a camera with a focal length of 500 mm, that worked in the automatic mode. Reconnaissance flights were conducted at altitudes of 8-10, 000 metres, i.e. outside the reach of enemy fighters. The crew has three members. In this form, was regulated by at least 36 aircraft, and thanks to them has been done many reconnaissance flights necessary for the preparation of a surprise attack on allied positions in the Pacific.

G3M3 23
This version was powered by powerful engines Kinsei 51 and thanks to the possibility to carry more fuel (5 182 l) was extended flying range of the airplane up to a whopping 3 800 – 6 230 miles. Production of this version took place from July 1942 exclusively in the factory Nakajima Hikoki To. To. in Koizumi, the factory Mitsubishi was fully utilized the production of a more modern bomber G4M Betty. From approximately mid-1943 began to be all aircraft of this type downloaded from bomber units, definitely not this withdrawal from first line service featuring as a one-time event, on the contrary, in 1944, the 762. Kokutai specializes in night torpedo attacks, and is armed with just this type of. 772. Kokutai in the same year preparing for a suicidal action, and is armed with also these aircraft. In general, however, we can say that in the conclusion of his fighting career were used rather for the remote-controlled naval exploration, into some of the aircraft has been installed a search radar.

Transport version
In 1938 there were several dozen made bombers adjusted to a fast transport aircraft. These modified aircraft then perform transport tasks in the maritime air force, but served also in the civil airlines. Modification consisted in the removal of all equipment and in the installation of most of the eight seats for passengers. The passenger compartment was features small cutouts in the hull, which this space prosvětlily. These aircraft carried out several major promotional flights to distant places abroad, in one case, was carried out also around the world (J-BEOC).

In the course of the war was the transport aircraft supplemented by other aircraft of a similar destination. Adjustments were made 1. naval air arsenal in Kasumigauře. If they have been rebuilt older G3M1 generating traffic L3Y1 model 11 with engines Kinsei 3, and by adjusting the G3M2 arise L3Y2 model 12, they were powered by engines Kinsei 45. Navy these transport aeroplanes classified as "Maritime transport plane type 96 model 11 (or model 12)". These aircraft were armed with one movable machine gun type 92 caliber 7.7 mm. Allies to this transport type was assigned the code name of Tina.

Operating activities:
1. China.
Bombers G3M2 21 have passed their combat baptism during the second sino-japanese conflict on 14. August 1937, when bombers of the unit Kanoja Kokutai the aircraft has taken off from their bases on Formosa (Taiwan) and attacked the airport in the chinese city of Hankow, of the eighteen deployed bombers, three have already returned and others have been damaged, this city was protected by the chinese air force. The second day of the attack Kisarazu Kokutai for the base Omura on the island of Kjúšů to the chinese of Nanking, the flight took place mainly over the sea, where the weather was bad, but worse was over Nankingem, here again the chinese fighters shot down four bombers and eight of them damaged. The japanese so they recognize that if they are not their bombers accompanied by their own fighters, they can be enemy fighters to defend only to a very limited extent. Bombing actions were suspended until it was built the airport for the fighter A5M Claude. Then the air raids continued and G3M2 operated from bases in China.
In 1938, the situation repeated itself, G3M2 were deployed again without fighter escort and attacked were the fighters of the soviet production, it was the aircraft that Soviet union sent to help China. Later bomber aircraft G3M2 engage in the extermination raids when the targets were purely civilian targets. On the chinese battlefield, these aircraft were very active until late autumn 1941, there were combat troops deployed to positions from which they later attacked the allied position and goals.

2. The war in the Pacific
At the beginning of December 1941, it was ready 258 bombers G3M to attack the allied forces. The first day of the war was attacked by 53 of these bombers at Clark Field, 36 of them attacked the Wake from the base in Kwajalein, where they destroyed most of the fighter Wildcatů. Planes from the Mihoro Kokutai bombed 8. December in 4 hours and 15 minutes Singapore - an important city of the british empire in southeast Asia, the aircraft flew from bases in French Indochina.
The most successful and probably also the most famous operation was going, the aircraft Genzan Kokutai were looking for the british association of ships designated Force Z.
Recall that in the same time launched the japanese 25. army under the command of lieutenant general Tomojuki Jamashity landing in Thailand. The british tried to take advantage of the massive guns of their battleships and vyloďující with the Japanese on the beaches blast. The gulf was sent to the union ships marked as Force Of. The union was formed a completely new flagship battleship HMS Prince of Wales, an older battle cruiser HMS Repulse and four destroyers (Electra, Express, Vampire and Tenedos). The union was commanded by vice-admiral Sir Tom Phillips. He decided to carry out the attack even at the cost of that wasn't provided air cover, he believed that he manages to hide behind a big cloud cover and a hostile air force to find it. Force Of the was revealed the japanese submarine I-56, and soon it began to accompany a japanese reconnaissance aircraft, admiral Phillips decided to return, but it was already too late. From early in the morning 10. December after the union been doing ninety-five bomber aircraft of the japanese navy air force, main force were torpédodonosné bombers of the type Mitsubishi G3M2 and the Mitsubishi G4M1. These aircraft were Genzan Kokutai, Kanoja Kokutai and Mihoro Kokutai. In the 11.07 was a union of discovered and immediately afterwards began also attack. The japanese planes dropped their highly effective torpedoes and severely damaged the flagship of the Prince of Wales. The battle cruiser Repulse was a little lighter and he was doing better maneuver, it resulted that lasted without damage for half an hour longer. Its armour was weaker and so is under the blood plunged faster, the Prince of Wales sank in 13 hours 20 minutes. The japanese so the british navy gave during the only two hours of very hard lesson.

sources:
Rene J. Francillion Ph.D., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Naval Institute Press, rok 1987, ISBN-13: 978-0870213137
Robert C. Mikesh, Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941 US Naval Institute Press, rok 1990, ISBN:10-1557505632
Richard M. Bueschel, Mitsubishi:Nakajima G3M1/2/3, Kusho L3Y1/2 in Japanese Naval Air Service. Canterbury, Kent, UK: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 1972, ISBN 0-85045-136-1
Tadeusz Januszewski and Kryzysztof Zalewski, Japońskie samoloty marynarski 1912-1945, tiel 2, Lampart, 2000, ISBN 83-86776-00-05
Rene J. Francillon Ph. d., The Mitsubishi G3M "Nell", Aircraft in Profile Number 160, Leatherhead, Surrey, Profile Publications Ltd., 1970.
Famous Airplanes of the World No..91, Type 96 Attack Bomber G3M "Nell", BUNRINDO Co., Ltd., ISBN489319-089-X
Jaroslav Schmidt, the Aircraft 1939 – 45, Fighter and bomber aircraft of Japan 1. part 1. edition, Publishing house Fraus Plzen, 1998, ISBN 807238-041-9
L+K 24/1982, Aircraft 1939-45
www.historyofwar.org
http://www.combinedfleet.com/ijna/g3m.htm
www.aviastar.org
www.xs4all.nl
www.historylearningsite.co.uk
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Micubiši G3M [Nell] - Micubiši G3M2 21

Micubiši G3M2 21
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