Náboje - nábojnice, určující prvek.

Cartridges - centerfire cartridges



The first mass-produced uniform cartridges were paper-jacketed cartridges, with a bit of exaggeration you could say paper-jacketed, for needle rifles. Later cartridges had Boxer system casings. Such a cartridge consisted of a thicker disc of brass or steel plate, brass fittings, and a spirally coiled weak brass strip. In the "Rifle Inch Cartridges" section is a photo of a 577 Snider cartridge made in this manner. Sometime later, with the development of deep-draw technology, the cartridge as we know it today appeared. The cartridge case is the element that actually holds the whole cartridge together. There is a primer pressed into the bottom, a powder charge inside, and a choked projectile at the mouth of the cartridge case. In addition, the caliber and manufacturer information is stamped on the bottom of the cartridge case, and there may be some other information, but sometimes in the case of military cartridges it is encoded. For very old cartridges, there may be no bottom markings. The problem of bottom marking of cartridges is dealt with in detail in the book "Marks and codes of cartridge manufacturers" by J. Suchánek.

Cartridges of today's bullets are produced by gradual drawing, where each subsequent production operation produces an increasingly deeper cavity from a flat disc of material. When the required dimensions are reached, the cavity is aligned lengthwise, a bed for the primer is formed, one or two stoppers are made, and the neck is shaped with a transition cone as required. Between each operation, annealing is necessary to give the cavity the required mechanical properties. This whole process is carried out at a relatively high rate of speed on automatic machines, many calibers of modern cartridges being produced in batches of millions. Mostly brass is used for the manufacture of modern cartridge cases, less so steel and to a lesser extent aluminium or plastic.

Short gun rifled cartridge cases are primarily designed for pistols and are either cylindrical or bottle-shaped. Expanded rim cartridges for revolvers tend to be cylindrical, and the rim of the cartridge case allows the weapon to be easily reloaded or unloaded. However, this does not mean that you cannot use a revolver cartridge in a pistol (357 Mag. in a Desert Eagle pistol) or a pistol cartridge in a revolver (9mm Luger in a Manurhin revolver). There are also semi-rimmed cartridges, where the cartridge has a groove but also an extended rim, e.g. 6.35 Browning, 7.65 Browning or, from rifle cartridges, 6.5 x 50 R Arisaka. The aforementioned 7.65 Browning pistol cartridge can be fired from a 32 calibre revolver due to the rim. Long gun cartridges are similar in shape, but rimmed cartridges usually have the letter R (Rimmed, Rand) added to the caliber designation. In addition, some rifled cartridges may have a belted rim at the bottom above the rifling. The rim is used on high performance calibers to stiffen the cartridge case. Rifle cartridges with a groove are used for repeating rifles, rimmed cartridges for ball or ball-bearing goat rifles, ball-bearing double rifles, etc. Here again, there are long guns for revolver cartridges (Rossi rifles in 357 Mag., Marlin rifles in 45 Long Colt), as well as pistols for rifle cartridges (Thompson pistols in 30-30 Winchester, or 45-70 Govt.) For some rifle cartridges (38-40 Win., 44-40 Win.), revolvers began to be chambered very soon after their inception, and so many cowboys and desperadoes needed only one kind of cartridge to make them happy. The size and shape of the cartridge case determined the size of the combustion chamber and the internal ballistic properties of the cartridge. But the cartridge case also serves a sealing function. When fired, the pressure of the gases presses against the walls of the chamber, preventing unwanted leakage of gases in any direction other than forward.

The shape and dimensions of the cartridge case are important in determining individual calibers, but in some cases the bottom marking is the determining factor. There are cartridges that are identical in size and shape but vary considerably in performance, and confusion can have serious consequences for the gun or even the shooter. The difference in performance can be such that the weapon may eventually crash. As an example, the Italian 9mm Glisenti cartridge is about 30% weaker than the 9mm Luger cartridge, which is again about 20% weaker than the 9mm Luger +P cartridge. These three cartridges are dimensionally identical, but if you fire a 9mm Luger cartridge from an old Glisenti pistol, you're asking for trouble, not to mention the 9mm Luger +P cartridge. The same is the case with a pair of 7.63 Mauser and 7.62 Tokarev cartridges. If you load the significantly more powerful 7.62 Tokarev rounds into a Mauser C96 pistol, it will fire, but you will be stressing the pistol to its limits and a crash is not out of the question. There are other pairs of dimensionally identical cartridges that are not recommended to be substituted. Another source of potential problems is the disparity of cartridges, detectable not only by bottom markings but also by accurate measurement. A well-known example of this is the 8 x 57 J and 8 x 57 JS or 8 x 57 JR and 8 x 57 JRS cartridges, where the seemingly insignificant letter S indicates a bullet with a diameter 0,1 mm larger and the cartridge cannot be fired from a gun with a smaller bore without serious danger. The second, less well known pair are the original Czechoslovak cartridges of 7.5 x 45 and 7.62 x 45 calibre, although in this case confusion is very unlikely, the 7.5 x 45 calibre guns are probably only preserved in museums. I will mention one more possible source of problems, namely tormentation cartridges, i.e. test cartridges with increased pressure. Such cartridges are used on test ranges to check the technical condition of the weapon and not every gun will allow this. It is fired from a fixed gun, on a covered range, and the gun is fired remotely so that the examiner is not endangered in the event of a crash. Test cartridges are usually marked according to the regulations of the country. They may be all nickel plated, the cartridges may have the bottom edge knurled or have the entire bottom colour coded. The attached photographs document several examples mentioned in the text.

Sources:
Jiří Hanák "Cartridges for hunting rifles and their use" ed. Utilia s.r.o. 2002
J. Hýkel, V. Naše vojsko Prague 1998
Photo by the author
Náboje - nábojnice, určující prvek. - Zdánlivě identické náboje 7,5 x 45 a 7,62 x 45

Zdánlivě identické náboje 7,5 x 45 a 7,62 x 45
Náboje - nábojnice, určující prvek. - Rozlišení je možné podle roku výroby, v roce 1950 se náboje 7,5 x 45 už nevyráběly a náboje 7,62 x 45 se v r. 1949 ještě nevyráběly

Rozlišení je možné podle roku výroby, v roce 1950 se náboje 7,5 x 45 už nevyráběly a náboje 7,62 x 45 se v r. 1949 ještě nevyráběly
Náboje - nábojnice, určující prvek. - Prakticky stejné náboje odlišitelné jen podle dnového značení

Prakticky stejné náboje odlišitelné jen podle dnového značení
Náboje - nábojnice, určující prvek. - Vlevo je náboj 7,63 Mauser (určující je kalog. č. f. DWM), vpravo 7,62 Tokarev. Pov. strojírny v té době (r.1948) sice ještě vyráběly náboje 7,63 Mauser, ale všechny byly odlišeny ražbou 7.63

Vlevo je náboj 7,63 Mauser (určující je kalog. č. f. DWM), vpravo 7,62 Tokarev. Pov. strojírny v té době (r.1948) sice ještě vyráběly náboje 7,63 Mauser, ale všechny byly odlišeny ražbou 7.63
Náboje - nábojnice, určující prvek. - Detail rýhovaného okraje tormentačního náboje

Detail rýhovaného okraje tormentačního náboje
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