Grochovskij, Pavel Ignatijevič

Grokhovskiy, Pavel Ignatyevich
Павел Игнатьевич Гроховский
     
Příjmení:
Surname:
Grochovskij Grokhovskiy
Jméno:
Given Name:
Pavel Ignatievič Pavel Ignatyevich
Jméno v originále:
Original Name:
Павел Игнатьевич Гроховский
Fotografie či obrázek:
Photograph or Picture:
Hodnost:
Rank:
poručík Lieutenant
Akademický či vědecký titul:
Academic or Scientific Title:
- -
Šlechtický titul:
Hereditary Title:
- -
Datum, místo narození:
Date and Place of Birth:
18.03.1899 Vjazma
18.03.1899 Vyazma
Datum, místo úmrtí:
Date and Place of Decease:
02.10.1946 GULAG
02.10.1946 GULAG
Nejvýznamnější funkce:
(maximálně tři)
Most Important Appointments:
(up to three)
vedúci Osobitnej konštrukčnej kancelárie Head of the Special construction office
Jiné významné skutečnosti:
(maximálně tři)
Other Notable Facts:
(up to three)
otec sovietskych výsadkových vojsk
zomiera vo väzení
father of Soviet Airborne Forces
died in prison
Související články:
Related Articles:

Zdroje:
Sources:
http://www.rg.ru/2014/03/18/desant-site.html
http://www.kostyor.ru/2-08/heros.php
http://groh.ru/gro/sky/sky.html
ru.wikipedia.org
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Grochovskij-Pavel-Ignatijevic-t182874#534593 Version : 0
     
Příjmení:
Surname:
Grochovskij Grokhovskiy
Jméno:
Given Name:
Pavel Ignatievič Pavel Ignatyevich
Jméno v originále:
Original Name:
Павел Игнатьевич Гроховский
Všeobecné vzdělání:
General Education:
DD.MM.1910-DD.MM.1915 základná škola Tver
DD.MM.1910-DD.MM.1915 basic school in Tver
Vojenské vzdělání:
Military Education:
DD.MM.RRRR-DD.MM.RRRR 2. Borisoglebská škola vojenských letcov
DD.MM.RRRR-DD.MM.RRRR 2. Borisoglebsk school of military pilots
Důstojnické hodnosti:
Officer Ranks:
DD.MM.RRRR poručík
DD.MM.RRRR Lieutenant
Průběh vojenské služby:
Military Career:
DD.MM.RRRR-DD.MM.RRRR
DD.MM.RRRR-DD.MM.RRRR
Vyznamenání:
Awards:
Poznámka:
Note:
- -
Zdroje:
Sources:
http://www.rg.ru/2014/03/18/desant-site.html
http://www.kostyor.ru/2-08/heros.php
http://groh.ru/gro/sky/sky.html
ru.wikipedia.org
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Grochovskij-Pavel-Ignatijevic-t182874#534600 Version : 0
Pavel Ignatievich Grochovsky - the father of Soviet airborne troops


The range of ideas of this Soviet designer and inventor, ranging from aviation, airborne troops to ground troops, evokes at first glance the work of Jara Cimrman. Let us just casually mention a fraction of his creations or ideas - an aircraft designed primarily for ramming the enemy, inflatable machine gun nests dropped from aircraft, a prototype of a hand anti-tank grenade launcher, a tank on skis, a tank on an air cushion, a dog-diversion airborne doghouse, a clay training bomb, etc. Unlike the Czech fictional genius, however, several of Pavel Grochovský's inventions and ideas found real application. It must be admitted, however, that some of his ideas, or constructions, served, as with Cimrman, only to establish a dead end of development. It is undeniable, however, that the concept of the construction of airborne troops promoted by him significantly influenced the direction of this type of Soviet troops. Thus, he can be boldly described as the ideological father of airborne forces in the USSR.


[Pavel Ignatyevich Grochovsky was born on 19 March 1899 (6 March according to the Julian calendar used in Russia at the time) in the town of Vyazma, which was administratively part of the Smolensk Governorate of what was then Tsarist Russia. He was born into a family of exiled Polish rebels who found a new home in Russia. He spent his childhood at the confluence of the Volga and Tver rivers - in the city of Tver, which from 1931 to 1990 was called Kaliningrad. He also completed three grades of parochial school in Tver and subsequently attended the Tver Real Apprenticeship School. After finishing it, he worked for a while for a wealthy pharmacist, and after the outbreak of the Great War (as World War I was called at that time) he enlisted in the army. As a member of the most revolutionary type of troops - the Russian Navy - he joined the Red Revolutionaries immediately after the outbreak of the October Revolution. He was even one of the soldiers who carried out the notorious attack on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, the signal for which was given by a shot from the cruiser Aurora. During the Revolution, he fought not only as a sailor, but also as a foot soldier or on horseback. But always in his naval uniform, belted with machine-gun belts, with an 1898 Mauser pistol in a wooden holster on his belt, which he painted red with his own hands. To make it clear at a glance which side he belonged to. But it was not only on the battlefield that death threatened him. For the courage he showed in battle, he received a new Mauser from his commander Dybenko and a ten-day leave to visit his hometown. Russia, however, was not all "red" at that time. After a few days of his stay in the city, an anti-Bolshevik uprising of the SS (a political party in Russia based mainly on the peasantry - officially known as the Socialist-Revolutionaries, abbreviated SR, hence the designation SS) broke out. Grochovsky's childhood "friend" revealed to the SS that a Bolshevik sailor was at home. Grochovsky was arrested, sentenced to death by shooting, and escorted to prison to await execution. However, he managed to escape the escort and make his way back to his unit.


His further fate was influenced by a chance meeting with Pavel Yefimovich Dybenko, then National Commissar for Maritime Affairs of the first Soviet government. This member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, during his trips to the combat units, remembered well the people who were not only valiant in battle and loyal, but did not lack knowledge or organizational talent. That is why, after the end of the Civil War, he offered the young Grochovsky a difficult and responsible job - he appointed him in 1921 as Commissar for the Black and Azov Sea coasts. During this post the young commissioner (he was only 22 years old!) travelled a lot, and one of his train journeys was almost fatal. When the train was ambushed by a unit of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (the so-called Makhnovists), he was taken out in front of the train as a Bolshevik commissar, a red card with the designation of his office was pinned to his uniform in the area of his heart as a target, and a "trjochlinyeka" (Mosin rifle vz. 1891, caliber 7.62mm) was fired directly into it. He slumped to the ground after the shot was fired, and because his eyes were still open, a shot from grace, the so-called Coup de grâce, with a Browning pistol finished him off with a shot at the red card by one of the insurgents. Incredibly, Grochovsky survived both shots! He probably owed this to the lack of anatomical knowledge of the soldier who pinned the card to his chest. He pinned it a few centimetres higher than his heart. His life was saved by the track workers who found him after the Makhnovists had left.


After recovering, he resigned his commissioner's post and applied for admission to the high school. He had a clear reason for this - he wanted to fly. Although by virtue of his previous position he could have also applied for admission to the academy, his desire to fly led him to apply to the Aviation Specialist School. He was accepted to the 2nd. Borisogleb School of Military Aviators. After successfully graduating from it in 1928, he married a young woman, then only 17 years old, Lydia Alexeyevna.


He was posted as a swarm commander to the city of Novocherkassk in the Rostov Region. Already there he attracted attention as an inventor, or to use the terminology of the time - as an improver. At that time the unit used expensive cement bombs for bombing practice, so Grochovsky designed and built bombs out of clay and sand, with colored chalk mixed in. Each pilot was thus assigned a practice bomb of his own colour (red, green, yellow, blue...) and immediately after impact it was thus possible to visually check who had bombed how accurately.


In 1929 Pavel Grochovsky made his first parachute jump, and it is interesting to note that independent parachute jumps were forbidden in the USSR until 1927, and parachutes could only be used by pilots in an emergency situation. The problem was probably the price of parachutes, as the production of parachutes of domestic design in the USSR was only very slowly and with great technological problems. Thus, pilots mostly used parachutes made by foreign companies, which the young Soviet country had to buy for gold-backed currency (e.g. one parachute made by Irvin cost 1,000 gold rubles). A breakthrough was the event when it was the parachute of the American company Irvin Air Chutes that saved the life of the famous test pilot Mikhail Gromov. In a country where yesterday meant tomorrow, it was difficult for the media to digest that the lives of Soviet people were being saved by capitalist products. That's why state leaders gave the green light to the production of home-made parachutes and their trials. And this was the field in which Pavel Grochovsky literally found himself. His parachutes were intended to demonstrate the viability of his idea - the use of parachutes for parachuting paratroopers, something that had already been dreamed of by warlords like Frunze and Tukhachevsky. However, the price of parachutes continued to be a problem in the eventual build-up of airborne units, even with their eventual production in the Soviet Union. Parachutes, that is, their domes, were at that time sewn from expensive silk. Grochovsky proposed to sew them from cheap cotton fabrics (muslin, cotton). He successfully tried parachutes made of these materials and since those times parachutes in the USSR were made of these cheaper materials. Thus, seemingly, nothing hindered the development of airborne troops.


The problem, however, was the transportation of paratroopers. The young Soviet Air Force did not have aircraft capable of transporting large numbers of paratroopers to their destination, i.e., the parachute drop. The aircraft of that period were adapted to carry bombs, but not people. Grochovsky therefore came up with an unorthodox solution - let's transport paratroopers like bombs. That is, on hangers under the wings. And not to stop at words, after a short time he demonstrated hinged underwing boxes of his own design, in which the paratroopers were placed. Grochovsky's enemies renamed him Grobovsky (translated as Rakvovsky) after the way the paratroopers were stored in the boxes. To some extent they were right, because the boxes resembled a coffin (see photo below). The paratrooper in the box was lying on his back with his head in the direction of flight, with his parachute placed under his head as a pillow, and a few centimetres in front of his eyes he had a wing covering. Upon arrival at the target, the pilot pulled a lever and the cradled box tipped the Red Army man (a Red Army soldier), with the automatic opening of the parachute by a parachute rip cord firmly anchored against the box structure. In the absence of any means of communication in Soviet machines of the period, this was clearly a task designed only for the most hardy natures without claustrophobic conditions. And perhaps even, for infantrymen the usual, 100 grams of vodka before each flight would have helped. It serves to Grochovsky's credit that he personally tested this device, aptly named the G-39 Automatic Red Army Ejector, and that his wife Lydia Alexeyevna also passed the tests. The device passed the military tests, but was not accepted into the arsenal.


But Grochovsky did not give up. He designed a special trolley without a parachute, placed under the fuselage of the bomber. The only condition for its use was a flatter landing or dropping surface. The aircraft with the trolley descended to a minimum height of 2-3 meters above the ground (the so-called shaving terrain) and dropped the trolley, which continued driving until braking. During the trials, a stray dog was first put into the cart, which the designers lured in for sausage and tea, and when the tally survived, Grochovsky himself sat in the cart with his deputy Ivan Vasilyevich Titov. According to the words of the chief designer, it was nothing terrible, only his deputy broke his nose on landing. The trolley was named Aerobus, but it was not mass-produced.


With some of his inventions Grochovsky was literally ahead of his time by almost a century. For example, he designed and tested the dropping of equipment and cargo in a low overflight over the target. In such a case, a parachute is first launched, the shortened hinge of which unlocks the locks and pulls the cargo. Today, a similar method is successfully used by the US Army under the name Low Cost Low Altitude (LCLA).


In addition, Grochovsky demonstrated bulletproof armor for paratroopers, a precursor to today's ballistic vests, to the National Commissar (something like a member of the government) Ordzhonikidze, paratrooper cages for suicide dogs designed for demolishing tanks and fortifications, or the soft delta-winged Bat parachute glider (currently used by adrenaline athletes or special forces).


Pavel Ignatievich's endless inventiveness was also oriented towards the land army. He created a project of a two-seater armoured car on an air cushion. The hovercraft also had wheels, but these served only as auxiliary propulsion. Two aero engines located in the front and rear of the machine powered two large propellers that created lift under the flat bottom. In the center section was a cutout that housed the turret with the tank's T-37A. The project did not make it into an all-metal model.


Another of Grochovsky's unrealized projects was a tank on skis. This was an aerial vehicle project based on the BT-2 tank, where a motorcycle wheel was mounted in the front and two tracks served for propulsion in the rear.


A special place deserves his project of a fighter with the designation G-39. The primary purpose of this machine was to destroy enemy aircraft by ramming, in other words, by crashing one machine into another. Already at the time the paper model was made, the aircraft was given the name Cucaracha, in honor of the then-popular song "Cucaracha, Cucaracha, Cucaracha - that means cockroach!" This was because the shape of the plane resembled this insect. The Cucaracha had no tailplane, and the leading edge of the wings was designed in the shape of a blade of solid steel, as its job was to slice through the rear of enemy aircraft. In the nose section of the machine was placed a long ramrod, which was at the same time the muzzle of the pneumatic gun. This flying marvel was flown in the spring of 1935 by Valery Chkalov himself, one of the most popular Soviet test pilots. Despite his best efforts, he failed to get the tarantino airplane airborne.


All this was already happening by the time the extraordinary research aviator Grochovsky was heard about in Moscow, transferred to the capital and put in charge of the Special Design Bureau. Later it was renamed the Experimental Institute. Jokers and naysayers, in view of the extraordinary constructions produced in this institute, renamed it the "Grochovsky Circus".


Despite this pejorative designation, Pavel Grochovsky and his collaborators managed to produce an incredible number of patents and inventions (more than a hundred), many of which were not implemented until several decades after his death. For example, his system of refuelling aircraft in the air or the stratospheric glider for high altitude flights.


The end of the life of this unrecognised genius was typical of this dark period - that is to say, tragic. First, in 1937, his institute was liquidated with the assignment of his collaborators to other offices. Subsequently, Pavel Grochovsky himself was arrested on a trumped-up denunciation - supposedly he had divulged to the Germans a schematic of the frame-type aircraft on which the Germans had based the artillery fire corrector so hated by the Soviets - the Focke Wulf Fw-189. Pavel Ignatievich dies on 02.10.1946 in a penal camp somewhere in the northern regions of the USSR of tuberculosis of the lungs and is already on two things full rehabilitation in 1957. His unfortunate wife, as was the custom in the Soviet Union at the time, also spends a few "pleasant" years behind barbed wire.



Sources:
http://www.rg.ru/2014/03/18/desant-site.html
http://www.kostyor.ru/2-08/heros.php
http://groh.ru/gro/sky/sky.html
tormashki.net
ynik.info
ru.wikipedia.org
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Grochovskij-Pavel-Ignatijevic-t182874#534592 Version : 0
source:
http://desantura.ru/articles/16/?PAGEN_1=2
tormashki.net.
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URL : https://www.valka.cz/Grochovskij-Pavel-Ignatijevic-t182874#534597 Version : 0
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