Jindřich I. Ptáčník

Henry I
Heinrich I.
     
Příjmení:
Surname:
- -
Jméno:
Given Name:
Jindřich I. Henry I
Jméno v originále:
Original Name:
Heinrich I.
Fotografie či obrázek:
Photograph or Picture:
Hodnost:
Rank:
- -
Akademický či vědecký titul:
Academic or Scientific Title:
- -
Šlechtický titul:
Hereditary Title:
král, vévoda King, Duke
Datum, místo narození:
Date and Place of Birth:
DD.MM.876
DD.MM.RRRR
Datum, místo úmrtí:
Date and Place of Decease:
02.07.936
02.07.936
Nejvýznamnější funkce:
(maximálně tři)
Most Important Appointments:
(up to three)
král východofranský
vévoda saský
King of East Francia
Duke of Saxony
Jiné významné skutečnosti:
(maximálně tři)
Other Notable Facts:
(up to three)
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Související články:
Related Articles:

Zdroje:
Sources:
www.manfred-hiebl.de
de.wikipedia.org
en.wikipedia.org
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Jindrich-I-Ptacnik-t28811#543212 Version : 0
Origin and marriages
, HENRY I. BIRDER was born in 876 as the son of the saxon duke Ota Even. Noble and his wife Hedwig Babenberské. Young Harry gradually began to participate in the princely duties. In the year 906 to the father, for example, entrusted the command of the above expedition against the slavic Glomačům (Dalemincům) in the area of Meissen. At the same time, but worse yet the excellent position of the genus in karlovského of the royal court, which affirmed marriage between the sister of Henry's father Luitgardou and king Louis III. Young. But in the time of Henry's youth was Ludwig III. long ago dead. The king was Louis IV. The child, who was the son Arnulfa iv of carinthia from the genus Karlovců and the Ody of the genus Konrádovců. And just between genders Babenberků and Konrádovců there was a struggle for influence in the middle Pomohaní, from which emerged victorious Konrádovci. You have strengthened his influence at court and on the contrary, the influence of Liudolfovců significantly decline. Henry tried to balance the marriage with Hateburgou Merseburskou, the daughter of a wealthy magnate Erwin Merseburského. Against this marriage but stood up to the church, as Hateburga after his first marriage came to the monastery and passed the relevant promises. The church insisted on their validity, and so was the marriage cancelled and Hateburga returned to the monastery. However, in the meantime, the couple was born a son, Thankmar and Henry left a considerable dowry. New marriage made Henry in the year 909 in Wallhausen, where as my wife conceived only thirteen-year-old Matilda from Ringelheimu, daughter of the saxon count Dietrich and his wife Reinhildy. Dietrich was a member of the genus Immedingerů and thus a descendant of the saxon duke Widukinda, which once in the seventies and eighties 8. century led the Saxons to fight against charlemagne. Blessing this marriage gave matilda's eponymous grandmother, who held the post of abbess of the convent in Herford and that young Matilda raised. Henry then acquired the lovely and virtuous wife, and with her a dowry in the form of land in vestfálské parts of Saxony.

Saxon duke
When Henry's father in November, 912 died, received a new východofranský king Conrad I., who came from the already mentioned genus Konrádovců, the opportunity to intervene in the saxon ratios. In the monastery in Corvey celebrated the feast of the Purification of the Virgin Mary, and on that occasion, confirmed to the convent its privileges. Reich monastery in Hersfeldu, in which so far the Ota has served as a lay abbot, to ensure the future freedom of choice of the abbot and the monastery in Meschede granted the privileges. Henry so he couldn't become his father's successor in function hersfeldského abbot. It was part of the Konrádovi efforts to prevent Henry acquired the same range of power as his father. But it upsets the saxon princes, who Henry advised that their claims sought by force. According to the chronicler Widukinda of Corvey had Conrad with the support of the archbishop of mainz Hatta reportedly pursued Henry's life. Conspiracy but was compromised and Henry to the archbishop retaliated by being despoiled of his saxon and thuringian lands. You then additionally divided among his vassals. That king Conrad didn't like it and sent out under the leadership of his brother Eberhard to the Saxony army, but it was the saxon forces defeated. The armies of king Conrad, then in the year 915 collided with the armies of duke Henry in Grone (today part of Göttingen). But the two sides were interested in the settlement, so it was agreed a truce. Henry is Konrádovi formally submitted in exchange for that, Conrad gave up direct exercise of the royal government in Saxony, and promised to respect the area of Henry's influence. Part of the agreement was the arrangement that in the case of Konrádova death before the death of Henry foster konrádovský rod's choice of the king. The promise of succession is, however, some of the current historians questioned. Anyway, there is more news about clashes between the two leaders.

Východofranský king
The day before Christmas eve the year 918 died in Weilburgu king Conrad. Liutprand of Cremona, Adalbert of Magdeburg, and Widukind of Corvey agree that the Conrad before his death told his brother and the other after, that after his death he has become the king of the saxon duke Henry. It is however, the question of the extent to which this version of the otonských historians and chroniclers justified. Indeed, all are born after. That Czech entry into the royal office was not at all self explanatory, can be inferred from the fact that he was the king elected to between 14. and 24. may the assembly of the saxon and franconian nobles in Fritzlaru. From the practices didn't anoint and crown, which offered him mohučský archbishop Heriger, Henry's but demonstratively refused. Duke Eberhard Frankish, already mentioned Konrádův brother, Henry acknowledged, became his friend and one of the most important figures in the royal court. In other parts of the empire, it was significantly worse. Leaders from Bavaria, Swabia and Lorraine to Fritzlaru or did not participate. Lorraine conquered západofranský king Charles III. A simpleton, which Conrad could not prevent, though pulled into a few of the campaign. In Bavaria and Swabia came rushing into fights between local leaders about the power and Konrádovy efforts to enforce the royal will were unsuccessful. Henry stood before the task of consolidation of royal power. Situation in addition to significantly deteriorate the incursions of the Hungarian invaders, to which was karlovská military power defenseless.

Change the method of administration of the empire
Henry, it was clear that their empire will have to manage differently than as was the custom at the karolinska period, the existing administrative mechanisms did not correspond to the contemporary situation and did not allow him to assert his royal power. The importance of literacy, authority and centrality declined. Literacy lost as a tool to exercise power, and communication a lot of importance. Already under Louis II. The germans disappeared kapituláře as important legal documents for the administration of the empire. The institution of the royal messengers (so-called missi dominici), who were directly on the spot to perform supervisory function in relation to the holders of royal offices, ceased to exist. The county, which was the king of propůjčováno depending on the merit and eligibility of the individual, has lost its nature of royal authority, and he became a hereditary nobleman's estate. On the contrary on the significance of the obtained means of ritual communication. The result of this structural change was a polycentric power structure. The Absence of elements of modern statehood such as zprávní legislation, public administration and the bureaucracy, the judiciary and the monopoly of power is historians interpreted as a transition from the carolingian statehood to otonskému kingship without a state.

Relationship with the church
On easter 920 Jinřich first visited the monastery in Fulda, where he was buried by his predecessor Conrad, and on this occasion the convent confirmed the privileges which he previously granted Louis and just Conrad. The new king also maintained friendly relations with the říšskými bishops. In the year 923 king left together with ten říšskými bishops and a number of imperial abbots enroll in diptychonu fuldského of the monastery. It is known to only a few cases, when Henry decided on the appointment to the vacant episcopal see. In Lorraine tried to through investitury uevnit your position against this duchy. The appointment of Bernoina of the genus Gerhardovců, which was after Reginarovcích the second nejmocnejším by the family of the duchy, suppressed the ambition of count Giselbert is from the genus Reginarů. On the bishop's throne in the Métách put Henry in the year 927 by hermit Bennona of Einsiedeln, from Swabia. Local opposition but left shortly after the blind. On the other investiturách in Lorraine already there is no news. The king also, when my travels did not rely on the accommodation in the monasteries and episcopal mansions. I'd rather accommodating on the falcích and in the supply of the relied on the imperial estates. Loved the king's confidant and mentor was mohučský archbishop Heriger. Henry is also trying to get to the monasteries in his empire the most relics.

[b:him]a Resolution of the dispute is Švábskem and Bavaria
As I have already stated, chose Henry king leaders to Saxony and Frank. The new king had but after his election plan to consolidate power in other vévodstvích. Easiest it was in the case of Swabia. Henry there shortly after his election, undertook an expedition, which defeated the invasion of the Hungarians. Even so, he but Burchard in the same year underwent. His role is certainly played, the fact that the duke was in his position appointed by the previous king Konrad only in the year 917, and after the king before he had executed his predecessor Erchangera, so Burchardovo the position was not completely fixed. In addition, involved in disputes with hornoburgundským king Rudolf II.. Military engagement with východofranským the king, therefore, was not in his situation desirable. He chose the path of compromise. A new king is in my situation also like to inclined to reach an amicable solution. Contented himself, therefore, in Burchardově case with uznámím vazality and gave up efforts on direct interventions in his duchy. Burchard therefore maintain authority in the area of fiscal and also the church, which meant in the area of administration. King Henry then up to Burchardovy death in swabian affairs did not intervene. After Burchardově demise handpicked instead of his minor son on the ducal post Hermann of the genus Konrádovců, which was actually a foreigner, which was so much more dependent on the king. The king at the same time with Hermannovým appointment on themselves transferred the church's rights in Swabia. Of knowledge the harder it was Henry with the recognition of your royal position in the case of Bavaria and his duke Arnulfa Even. Evil. The one featured in Bavaria, in essence, as a separate king. The king against him pulled out with the army, but unfortunately we do not have detailed information about its progress. Anyway, the situation is solved when the second Henry's campaign in Bavaria. At the gates of Regensburg with Arnulf Henry submitted and was in return appointed the king's friend. Even Arnulfovi Henry retained the rights in the church and in the fiscal area. Arnulf also in many other respects, acted more like a king than a duke. However, against Henry actively perform and in addition supported him in his campaigns against the Czechs and the Hungarians. Henry therefore solved the disputes with the highest noble layer, that of the dukes, who to him were in the opposition, did their friends. As already mentioned, the bavarian and swabian duke to Henry the first militarily conquered, whereupon with them but established a friendly relationship and gave them a great degree of independence. Henry wasn't trying in these vévodstvích and in Fact rule directly, but rather through them. Respected as the power of the status quo and dukes in turn respected his position and participated in his military campaigns. In their vévodstvích to a certain extent represented even Henry's kingship, on the other hand, seized on the revenues from the royal estates in the periphery of their duchy. After him the dukes surrendered, no longer the king in their duchy nezajížděl. Unlike Karlovců respect Liudolfovci inheritance of the county and other noble titles and offices.

Profit Lorraine
In the case of Lorraine there has been an international affair. Henry did not intend to enter into a dispute with západofranským king Charles III. 'A simpleton. On the contrary, together in the year 921 made a friendly pact, which the other acknowledged his royal status and the territorial status quo. But the situation changed already in the following year, when he was in západofranské the realm of the elected protikrál Robert. Henry with him in the year 923 made a similar pact, which actually became void upon the date with Karl. 15. June 923 ambushed by Charles the army of Robert's camp at Soissons and managed to Robert kill. However, the battle as such, Charles lost and was captured. King was elected , Rudolf of Burgundy. This development greatly affected the balance of forces in Lorraine. Henry the ensuing situation and made several military campaigns. In 925 he underwent the most important lotrinský nobleman Giselbert. By the end of it then follow all the other leaders. Position Lorraine as a východofranského duchy fastened Henry by for Giselberta gave his daughter Gerbergu.

Preparations for the fight with the Hungarians
Against their forays Hungarians was Henry initially helpless. Lucky chance, however, východofranským forces succeeded in 924 the capture of one of the Hungarian leader. His release traded Henry for an agreement on nine-year-old ceasefire, although at the price of paying tributu. During this time to Henry to prepare for the next round of fighting. At the diet of Worms, in the year 926 was agreed a number of measures. Protect people from surprising incursions of the invaders, should ensure the so-called hradská organization, which consisted of a chain ring of hillforts. The festivities and the assembly should continue to be held only in these protected areas. Another measure was the establishment of the institution of the so-called rural warriors (agrarii milites). They were organized in groups of nine. One was staying in the fort, where he had for all set up accommodation and to retain one-third of the harvest. The remaining eight should manage his land. The third key action was the creation of the knight's troops. Henry also intervened in the relationships between secular and ecclesiastical power. He promised to put an end to svatokupectvím and there has been a restitution of ecclesiastical property, which had hitherto been used as a means to ensure the bannermen. It is not clear what all has provided the church in return. At least it was about performing prayers. From today's point of view this is some kind of unimportant thing, but then thought the world revolved around God and the church and the attacks of nomadic raiders many understood as a form of god's punishment. The fact that Henry tried to have stopped some of the abuses in the church area, it should have no small impact on the morale of his subjects.

Tributární the subjugation of the Slavs
During the truce with the Hungarians made Henry several campaigns against the Slavs, who were preparing for the expected clash with the raiders. The existing relations between the Slavs and the Saxons was marked by numerous mutual raids. Henry the first, in the winter of 928, he attacked the Stodorany (Havolany) and conquered their main office Brennaborg. Stodoranský prince Baçqlābič he conquered and became Jindřichův tributární vassal. His son Tugumira and one daughter, Henry took as a hostage. Then in the following year attacked the Glomače (Dalemince) and conquered their main residence, the castle of Gana. Here left to kill all the adults and children enslaved. Apparently it had something to do with their share of the Hungarian vpádech, which, in some cases, through Bohemia and the territory of the Polabských of the Slavs. Indeed, to the Czech republic pulled Harry along with the duke of bavaria Arnulfem right after. In the year 929 attracted to Prague, saxony-bavarian army and Henry had forced the surrender of the prince of the Václav Even. and his poplatnost in the form of a peace tax (tributum pacis). Some strains of Polabských the Slavs had no intention with Heinrich lunges reunite and perform at the end of the summer 929 retaliatory raid, during which they conquered the fortified settlement Walsleben, and massacred all its inhabitants. In September 929 pulled against the Slavs army under the leadership of the saxon counts Bernhard and Thietmara, which occupied mantua main office Redarů (Ratarů), fort Lenzen. After five days it was the seat of the conquered, despite the arrival of the slavic reinforcements. For the first time here zaskvělo newly formed armored knights. All captured Redarové were slaughtered. In the year 932 to Henry tributárně acquiesced Lužičany and Milčany. In the year 934 is followed Ukranové. Using in this area of the established border marks, the construction of the castle in Míšni and resettling convicts, to whom was forgiven the penalty for participation in campaigns against the Slavs, in the area of Merseburku you Henry secured eastern saxony-. the border.

Victory over the Hungarians
At the beginning of the 30. years 10. century began to multiply entries of aristocratic groups in the commemorative books of the major monasteries, such as St. Gallen, Reichenau, Remiremont or Fulda. Prayer of the brotherhood strengthened between the aristocratic class a sense of unity and the need for reconciliation within the empire. Also the intensification of monastic worship was one of the elements of moral preparation for the approaching campaign against the dreaded enemy. In the year 932 was already Henry sure of their status and the progress of the preparations for the war. When the end of the year arrived, the Hungarian envoy, východofranský the king refused to continue paying tribute. The Hungarian reaction was not long in coming. At the beginning of march 933 these invaders appeared on the borders of Saxony and Thuringia. Against them it took the imperial army, which consisted of contingents from Saxony, Thuringia, Frank, Lorraine, Swabia and Bavaria. The decisive battle, Henry timed on the day of st. Longinus. He wanted to symbolically take advantage of the winning power Longinova spear, which shortly before acquired, in supplication to God for help in the fatal encounter. 15. march 933 the two armies collided at the battle of Riade. We don't know exactly where it was, but probably it was some place on the river Unstrutě. From the east frankish partitions apparently neuštědřily Hungarian forces absolutely devastating defeat, as reported by some chroniclers, however, the result was clear Henry vítěztsvím and it is a fact that the Hungarian incursions for a long time have ceased. The imperial troops after the battle Jinřicha may be glorified as father of the homeland and the emperor. This is in the eyes of contemporaries proved itself as the protector of christianity and the ruler of the grace of God.

Succession
After the political and military consolidation, Henry tried the adjustment of the succession. The king had from the first marriage with Hateburgou son Thankmara and from the marriage with Mathilde sons, Otto, Henry and Brunona. In the worksheet, from the year 929, which was intended for his wife, the king outlined the basics of its successor policy. On dvorském assembly in Quedlinburku in mid-September of the same year, then the king to his wife, with the consent of his sons and the nobles were guaranteed in the event of his death the profit of large-scale land possessions. It was a Quedlinburk, Pöhlde, Nordhausen, Grone and Duderstadt. His successor, Henry chose son Otto. This act was a novelty, as the carolina honey, respectively, of the frankish tradition was such that in the event of the death of the ruler his empire was divided between his legitimate sons. Now outweighed the principle of individual succession and the indivisibility of the empire. Since the turn of the years 929 and 930 Jindřichův son of Oto in the pleadings occurs with the title of king (rex), thereby it was confirmed that he is the sole heir to Henry. Son Bruno had to lead the life of the church officials, and was therefore sent for education to the city of Utrecht to the local bishop Balderichovi. Henry also managed to achieve a connection with the anglo-saxon dynasties Cerdikovců, as the wife of his son Otto became the sister of the English king Athelstan Edita.

the Last years of the reign of
In the year 934 made Henry winning a military expedition to Denmark. Thanks to the victory conquered by the Danish king Knut, made him pay tribute and přestoupti on the christian faith. At the end of his life he had Henry to plan a trip to Rome, which he but been defeated by the disease. However, at least in the year 935 in the spirit of friendship met in Ivois am Chiers on the border from the east frankish and západofranské empire západofranským king Rudolf and burgundy king Rudolph II. At the end of the year 935 had Henry on the hunt for a stroke. He could but recover enough to convene a synod, which took place in the summer of 936 in Erfurt. On it was a Oto once again confirmed as his successor. The other sons then received various land possessions and valuables. From Erfurt headed king to Memlebenu, where he again caught up with a stroke. 2. July 936 here Henry died. His body was buried in Quedlinburku. He left behind a relatively consolidated kingdom, which began the process which enabled his successors to build the Holy roman empire. This has not only frankish, but rather transnational or nadkmenový character, no longer contemporaries, referred to in German.



Sources:
www.manfred-hiebl.de
de.wikipedia.org.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Jindrich-I-Ptacnik-t28811#543641 Version : 0
Source / Source:
en.wikipedia.org

The image of Hermann Vogel shows the legendary scene in which the messengers informed the saxon duke was elected king. Henry is just dedicated to hunting birds. From here also stems his most common epithet Birder (Vogeler, Finkler, auceps)..
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Jindrich-I-Ptacnik-t28811#543893 Version : 0
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