Руководство службы 7,62-мм станковый пулемет обр. 1939 г, Государственное военное издательство наркомата обороны Союза ССР, 1940 Управление стрелкового вооружения РККА, 7,62-мм станковый пулемёт обр.1939 г. Краткое описание, Военное издательство НК Обороны Союза ССР, 1941
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The heavy machine gun DS-39 (Dekt'yev stanksvz. 1939) began to be developed in the design bureau of the famous Soviet weapons designer Vasily Alexeyevich Dektyarev in the early 1930s, as a response to the army's requirement to replace the obsolete Maxim machine gun vz. 1910/30. By the end of the same year, the first piece was ready for testing on the polygon. During the trials, a number of deficiencies were found, so the weapon was returned to the designer for their elimination. The repaired machine gun was subsequently subjected to rigorous field trials, which lasted from November 1934 to June 1938. During the trials, several changes were made to the design of the weapon: - the pistol stock was replaced by double wooden grips (as for example on the Maxim machine gun) with a trigger on both sides, - a switch for two firing modes (500-600 rounds/min when firing at ground targets, 1000-1200 rounds/min when firing at air targets) was constructed, - the recoil spring placement has been changed, - the barrel has been fitted with ribs for better cooling, - the universal tripod designed by I.N. Kolesnikov was replaced by a simpler and lighter design by Degtyarev.
This modified machine gun was accepted into the Red Army's armament on 22.09.1939 under the designation 7,62-mm станковый пулемёт обр. 1939 г. ДС-39 (7.62 mm heavy machine gun model 1939 DS-39), and in 1940 it was decided to gradually replace the Maxim machine guns with this new model. Serial production began first at the Kovrov Armoury, but after a short time it was transferred to the Izhevsk Armoury. Despite several years of testing and the gradual elimination of the identified shortcomings that preceded the weapon's introduction into armament, the DS-39's service in combat units and its use in the 1939-40 conflict with Finland revealed a number of additional design flaws. First and foremost were the frequent rupture of the cartridge case when it was removed from the chamber due to too fast and abrupt movement of the bolt, then the buckling (so-called jamming) of the cartridges with heavy shot, or the unstable operation of the weapon in dust and low temperatures. A serious deficiency, which could not be eliminated except by redesigning the weapon, was the impossibility of using old cartridges with brass casings, of which there were huge quantities in the warehouses, and the weapon thus functioned only with the introduction of new ammunition with a steel or bimetallic cartridge case. Therefore, less than a year after its introduction into the arsenal, the DS-39 machine gun was withdrawn from production and the production of the morally obsolete and more complicated Maxim vz. 1910/30, which had a lower rate of fire. However, they had one excellent feature for the needs of the army - they were not penetrative to ammunition.
Vasily Alexeyevich Dektyarev tried to eliminate all the alleged shortcomings, but his modernized DS-42 machine gun still lost in a later competition with the heavy machine gun of Gorjunov (SG-43).
Technically, the DS-39 machine gun is a fully automatic weapon with an air-cooled rifled barrel that could be quickly replaced after prolonged firing. To prevent burns from the hot barrel, a special handle is placed on the barrel to remove it. The automatic weapon worked on the principle of taking powder gases from the barrel, firing from the open bolt and only in automatic mode. The supply of cartridges was provided by a woven or metal cartridge belt, which was fed to the cartridge chamber from the right side, the fired cartridges dropped downwards under the gun. The sights were framed with a scale for firing light and heavy projectiles. The gun was manned by a four-man crew - a gunner, a loader and two ammunition carriers.
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