Kawaniši H8K [Emily]

Kawanishi H8K - přehled verzí

Kawanishi H8K - 川西 H8K - track version[/heading]
the Japanese marking:
二式飛行艇 - Nishiki Hikōtei - Flying boat type 2
二式大型飛行艇 - Nishiki Ōgata Hikōtei - a Large flying boat type 2
二式大艇 - Nishiki Daitei or Nishiki Taitei - Big boat type 2


Japanese name (combat): ? / transport version – "Seikū"

Allied reporting name: "Emily"


Label the Design of the aeroplane - a description
Kawanishi H8K1 11 1 prototype 2 pre-series aircraft and 14 serial, gradual changes led to the improvement of the properties, engines MK4A Kasei 11 later MK4B Kasei 12
Kawanishi H8K1-L the first prototype was modified into the form of a transport aircraft
Kawanishi H8K2 12 112 serially-produced aircraft, engines MK4Q Kasei 22, self-sealing tanks, armour, gradually introduced changes, the SOP, the shape of the bow and the side střelišť,
later produced machines are equipped as a standard radar detector
Kawanishi H8K2-L 32 36 – 42 transport aircraft, reduced weight and armament
Kawanishi H8K3 22 2 serial aircraft H8K2 were modified into the form of a new version, the retractable buffer of floats, a retractable top turret, and change the side střelišť.
Kawanishi H8K4 23 both aircraft H8K3 got výškovější motors MK4T-B Kasei 25b, so created this version, the planned production
H8K4-L 33 only the project, transport aircraft resulting from the version H8K4


Produced a total of 167 aircraft of this type.
Production took place in factories:
川西航空機株式会社 - Kawanishi Kōkūki Kabushiki Kaisha, Nauro
川西航空機株式会社 - Kawanishi Kōkūki Kabushiki Kaisha, Konan


Used springs:
M. C. Richards, Kawanishi 4-Motor Flying-Boats (H6K 'Mavis' and H8K 'Emily'), Aircraft in Profile Volume 11. Windsor, Berkshire, UK, Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.
Famous Airplanes of The World, Kawanishi Type 2 Flying boat, Well. 68. 12/1975, Bunrin-Do, No ISBN.
Tadeusz Januszewski and Kryzysztof Zalewski, Japońskie samoloty marynarski 1912-1945, tiel 2, Lampart, 2000, ISBN 83-86776-00-05
Leszek And. Wieliczko, Kawanishi H8K, Nowa Technika Wojskowa – Nr. 6/2014, 2014, Warszawa, Magnum X. ISSN 2080-9743.
http://www.combinedfleet.com/ijna/h8k.htm
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URL : https://www.valka.cz/Kawanisi-H8K-Emily-t31112#112147 Version : 0

Kawanishi H8K - 川西 H8K



Allied reporting name: "Emily"

History of
Command of the japanese navy air force (海軍航空本部 - Kaigun Kōkū Hombu) in 1938, began taking first pieces of brand new "Large flying boat type 97 model 1" (九七式大型飛行艇 - Kjunana shiki daikei hikótei), the us better known under the shortened designation of Kawanishi H6K1. These flying boats were, in their time, and in its category among the world leaders, have long range, decent feats and also excellent nautical characteristics of the ship hull. Kaigun Kōkū Hombu are pinned back then the commonly established procedure and no longer 18. April of this year drew up the specifications of the development plan marked as 13-Shi, in which zformulovalo your technical requirements for a new flying boat. Thanks to this procedure input to the development of new machines, the imperial naval air force to ensure the supply of increasingly modern aircraft. In this case, everything worked out according to the assumptions and the just adopted flying boat, had already in the production of prepared of his successor, which it replaced in time when this began their performances lag behind and began to manifest itself even design flaws, such as non-existent passive protection.

The specifications of the 13-Shi Kaigun Kōkū Hombu did not require only a new flying boat, although there was no specification of its scope too significant, but it is to see that the imperial naval air force was becoming increasingly more significant force. Required were the following aircraft categories:
• on-board fast reconnaissance aircraft - C4A1
• on-board bomber - D4Y
• twin-engine heavy fighter - J1M1 and J1N
• heavy attack aircraft for land base - G5N
• large reconnaissance flying boat - H8K
• small amphibious transport aircraft (amfibie) - L7P1
• training flying boat - H9A1

For the purposes of this contribution we consider only the parts in which they were the requirements for a large reconnaissance flying boat. Kaigun Kōkū Hombu needed for your needs really powerful aircraft, which was supposed to have a range of up to 7 400 km during the survey years, for years ago, in which he was carrying bombs, or torpedoes, were required in a range of 6 500 km. The maximum speed should be at least at the level of 444 km/h (240 knots) and the cruising speed should be at a very decent level and the boat had long-term fly at a speed of around 300 km/h. In addition to these performances was also claimed relatively solid defensive armament and effective protection of the fuel tanks. The aircraft should be capable of carrying 2 000 kg of bombs or depth charges about the same weight, or two great čtyřistapadesátimilimetrová torpedoes of the type 91, each about the weight of 806 and later in another version of the 848 kg. The development of the new flying boat was no competition entered directly to the company 川西航空機株式会社 – Kawanishi Kōkūki Kabushiki Kaisha based in Nauro (further in the text only Kawanishi). This company had with the construction of the flying boats the most experience.

Project
The project work had already started in the month of August of the year 1938, the factory design team lead engineer Shizuo Kikuhara, and he collaborated with dr. Jishio Hashiguchim. He suggested a completely different aircraft than was its predecessor, Kawanishi H6K, he had a relatively slim fuselage and the wing was mounted by struts above the fuselage, the new flying boat was designed as a compact high-wing is considerably robust hull. Great care has been given to the člunovému the shape of the hull, it was made a few lot of completely wooden mock-ups in scale 1 : 5, these mock-ups were both ofukovány in the wind tunnel and also have been carefully researched nautical qualities of the hull in a large pool, on the basis of these tests, the shape of the hull, refined by. From the very beginning it was planned that the aircraft will operate exclusively from water level, it was not in any way about amfibii (the amphibian), the wheeled chassis used to fit just in case, when was this flying boat was pulled ashore, his wheels were duplicated and it was not a tire – wheel was full of (rubber). Sturdy hull, the designers have used, have installed six large self-sealing fuel tanks, including fire-fighting equipment with carbon dioxide, an interesting feature was the possibility of siphoning fuel from the bottom of the ship hull, the fuel here should be captured after it is shot through some of the fuselage tanks and, subsequently, filled into the tanks intact. The fuselage tanks were supplemented by a further eight smaller tanks in the wing, these tanks were not self-locking. The total inventory carried by the fuel was 17 040 liters. The wings were equipped with special flaps, which were across the trailing edge of the wing, it was a combination of fowler's and split flaps, the combination of deploying and using the company Kawanishi. At the ends of the wings were balancing floats, originally should be retractable to the ends of the wings, but in the end it was from the retraction of these floats dispensed with, thereby simplifying their construction and passed out one of the sources of the problems. The defensive armament was impressive, was made up of five dvacetimilimetrovými cannons and three machine guns of rifle caliber. The drive consisted of four čtrnáctiválcových engines Mitsubishi MK4A Kasei 11 (Ha-32-11), each take-off power of 1 125 kW (1 530 hp), these engines geared up čtyřlisté propeller Sumimoto with a diameter of 3 900 millimeters, it was a propeller with a constant speed. The first prototype was in this form completed on 31. December 1940.

Prototype H8K1 13-Shi.
The first takeoff was made sometime in the first half of the month of January of the following year (some japanese sources indicate that has been completed 29. December and the following day had to be zalétání), however, it is clear that the plane took off from sea-level not far from Osaka, behind the wheel sat a navy pilot Shosha Hiromitsu, and that he had besides some longitudinal instability in flight very poor nautical characteristics at higher speeds from the bow the ship hull picked up a lot of the spray and the subsequently watered the pilot cabin, when he was denied the view. The aircraft was in addition, during take-off and přistáni unstable, and a wrong to operate. The hull was designed so poorly, that another great shower spray was coming up through the wing, were cast into the inner engines. It is surprising that this prototype had such problems, taking into account the number of tests and subsequent adjustments were carried out just on the boat section of the fuselage, on the basis of tests of the mockups on the water surface. The prototype is then quickly returned to the production hall, where the designers have made a few adjustments, the easiest adjustment was the elimination of the longitudinal instability in flight, the designers of the rather substantially modified the vertical tail surface area, and stability has improved. Much more challenging were the modifications on the boat part of the fuselage, was reduced keel, and he changed the whole shape, the bottom along the front of the fuselage were installed two strips, ending approximately below the end of the pilot cabin, these rails prevent the undesired splashing of water. The following tests have confirmed a certain improvement of the sea characteristics and so although it was Kaigun Kōkū Hombu still reservations to the characteristics of this flying boat, was accepted into the armament under the designation "Navy flying boat Type 2 Model 11 H8K1 (here I will remind, that the designation of the flying boat is for our needs, the Japanese they had no idea between the float plane and flying boat and it would be more appropriate to use the word seaplane).

H8K1 Model 11
At the time when the decision was made on the adoption of the flying boat to the armament of naval aviation in Kawanishi already worked on two pre-series machines, the cannon is so completely according to the requirements of Kaigun Kōkū Hombu. These machines are from the first prototype is already noticeable in some parts. Mainly was extended bow in front of the cab and was amended and its shape, a completely new shape also had a vertical tail, another visible change was the installation of a smaller propeller, newly applied the propeller had a diameter of 3 to 400 mm, due to this increased distance from the water surface, but also is negatively reflected their less efficiency and the maximum speed has decreased to a value of 404 km/h at an altitude of 4 000 meters. Visible changes have affected the equipment, pre-series machines carried "only" two cannons Typ 99 Model 1 caliber 20 mm (one in a dorsal gun turret and the other was in the tail střelišti), the cannons were supplemented by four machine guns, Type 92 caliber 7.7 mm (two in the bow and one in the side stations in the shape of large drops. Another change, this time the invisible was the installation of self-sealing fuel tanks and into the wings. These adjustments increased the combat value of the two pre-series machines, both have been operationally used, one aircraft was lost during combat action. In the meantime, began to the units of the coming of mass-produced flying boats, there were produced a total of fourteen, the last few produced aircraft should be amended by the bow, she had a wedge shape, and he already then had all the other planes and at the same time they were in the past produced machines mounted engines Mitsubishi MK4B Kasei 12 (Ha-32-12), which had slightly higher performance at altitude.

H8K1-L
The first prototype was in 1943, rebuilt again, this time quite radically, into the form of a transport/ cargo flying boat. This presentation was commissioned by the Kaigun Kōkū Hombu in the fall of 1942. The project received the factory designation of the K-30, and the design team set to work, the modification consisted in the removal of most of the barrel armament was removed, top turret, side kapkovitá guns, remained so only the rear turret and front guns, the question is whether in this particular aircraft, remained in the front střelišti cannon Type 99 Model 1, or whether I was installed the machine gun. Further, the disassembly of the fuselage tank and into the vacated space have been built in two floors, the bottom floor was from the bow to the indentation on the boat floor and the upper started for centroplánem. The fuselage was in two ranks installed a small oblong of the window to make space for passengers prosvětlen, the aircraft could carry 41 passengers and because it was a modified first prototype, it remained in a single copy.

the H8K2 Model 12
The first prototype was meanwhile tested the installation of the engines Mitsubishi MK4Q Kasei 22 (Ha-32-22), these engines achieve a performance of 1 361 kW (1 850 k), and were equipped with a device for direct injection of water into the engine cylinders, it was possible to short term performance increase. These propulsion units are completely proved and the maximum speed rose to 454 km/h, therefore there was launched production of a new version of the marked H8K2 Model 12. In addition to the new engines, increased fuel supply, the newly it was possible to carry up to 18 880 gallons of gasoline, was further amended SOP, this time to the already definitive form. The martial value of this version has increased significantly also thanks to the strengthening of the defensive armament, the aircraft was carrying a total of five cannons Type 99 Model 1, these guns had a supply of ammunition in the drum bins around the 45 grenades, cannons were installed in the front (225), dorsal (450), rear (450) and in the bulging of the side stations (360). The numbers in parentheses we indicate carried a supply of ammunition for each cannon. In addition to the cannon armament was to each aircraft installed and machine-gun armament, it was formed by machine guns Type 92, their number and placement are very often different, but can generally say, that was installed three to six machine guns and, for each was carried by the ammunition supply in the range of 970 – 1 064 rounds in the 10 – 12 drum trays. Each tray could theoretically contain 100 rounds, but in practice it was charging "only" 97 the hub (with a hundred with a machine gun was sticking). This version was also installed solid and the japanese ratios unprecedented armor protection in the form of šestimilimetrových steel plates, these plates protect the pilots ' seat and the gunner in the dorsal and tail gun turret. In the course of production was removed convex kapkovitá side shooting range, is replaced with was the sliding windows. In the case that was carried by a bomb, or torpedo armament had to be reduced supply of fuel to a maximum of 5 670 liters. Machines the later of the date of production were already equipped with first three of these ASV Model 1, the presence of which tells us the antenna type Yagi mounted on the sides of the fuselage before the cockpit. Two flying boats have been modified into the form of a more sophisticated H8K3, among other adjustments herein it was investigated the removal of bulging of the side střelišť and replacing them with straight posunovatelnými windows, this modification was introduced into production H8K2. This version was the most numerous and were built in total of 112 aircraft and their production has also engaged the factory in the town of Konan, Tokyo.

the H8K2-L Model 32
The production of this transport/ cargo version of the build on the redevelopment, which in 1943 passed the first prototype, přeznačený on the H8K1-L, and this prototype more or less match. In the hull of the remaining four fuel tanks of the original six, the total fuel supply could be up to 13 414 litres in the front střelišti was carried by the powerful machine gun Type 2 the caliber of 13.0 mm, the empty weight of the airplane after the repairs were 15 107 kg, take-off weight was 26 683 kg. His own crew consisted of nine men, carrying capacity then amounted to 29 VIP or 64 soldiers, including armament. Japan in the second phase of the war in the Pacific needed more and more often transported by air troops, the wounded and material, because shipping was becoming dangerous mainly due to the american submarines, therefore it is not surprising that Kaigun Kōkū Hombu requested transport aircraft of this size, put them into your loadout under the designation "Maritime transport flying boat Type 2 Model 32" fighting name of this version sounded poetically - "Seikū" (Clear sky). The model designation tells us that this was the third adjustment to the airframe, and a second adjustment motors. Most of these aircraft were manufactured as new, only a few of them was established by a rebuilding of the older H8K1 or newer H8K2, and these rearrangements are to blame, that do not know the exact number of aircraft Seikū likely to have been built and reconstructed into a 36, but it often appears the figure 42. Most of them were made in konanské factory and production ended in 1945, this year has been completed already just a single aircraft.

H8K3 Model 22
As I mentioned, the two flying boats H8K2 Model 12 was redesigned into the form of a more sophisticated H8K3. The new version of this flying had some interesting modifications that they considered the task to increase the performance. The designers have once again returned to the idea of the retractable floats, with this system met already in the late thirties, when they were the airline Dai Nippon purchased two aircraft Douglas DF, which were later forwarded to the company's Kawanishi. Fixed buffer floats on the two struts and their anchorage system using the lan have been removed, more to the ends of the wings were installed two more robust floats, which can be folded towards the ends of the wings, the floats should offsets, which exactly match the end arcs of the wings, and after pushing up so the floats have become a part of the wings and do not impose almost no aerodynamic resistance. A further modification concerned the top of the turret, after the adjustment it was possible to retract into the fuselage and this was also completely eliminated its aerodynamic resistance. Another source of resistance was the side guns, it was quite large and because of that could the shooter to comfortably monitor the space around your half of the airplane, unfortunately, just the tonnage of these střelišť, however, that even brought a considerable air resistance. The designers therefore, this kapkovitá shooting range, located behind the trailing edge of the wings, removed and replaced them with flat, already nevystupujícími windows, whose central part can be pushed, this window was placed slightly below than the range of the original. This adjustment was introduced in the later produced seaplanes H8K2 12. This version is already in production didn't get, and it remained so only for these two specimens.

H8K4 Model 23
This version was created by a development of the engines Mitsubishi MK4T-B Kasei 25b (Ha-32-25) in both aircraft the previous version. New engines have better high-rise properties and only slightly lower power take-off. The test went well and was planned their mass production, but that did not happen, the end of the war these preparations interrupted. There was also a project in which it was calculated, that this version becomes the basis for the version of the transport indicated H8K4-L, however, there remained only in project.

Operational deployment:
Frequent operational deployment were already the first two pre-series aircraft were included in the state Jokohamské naval base and after the outbreak of war were given the task to explore and challenge the american base on the Pearl Harbor, first, it was necessary to find out what the status is after the japanese attack and the second goal was to cause the Americans any more damage. In February 1942 she was scheduled for Surgery To, in which both aircraft to take pictures of this base, but even these new seaplanes could not fly from the farthest to the japanese base on the Marshall islands over the Oahu and back, therefore, they had to refuel from submarines, which waiting for them at the French frigate shoals on the. The whole operation started 3. march, managed to replenish the fuel and both aircraft continued to Hawaii. Over Hawaii, however, it was a very cloudy weather, and so discarded the cougars, did not cause any damage, moreover, Americans were warned prior to this attack. The japanese have tried to carry out these attacks on other u.s. bases. 6. march then both aircraft flew to an exploratory flight over the atolls of Midway and Johnstone, at Midway was one seaplane shot down the american Buffaly belonging to the state of the squadron of the marine corps VMF-221. More attacks on american bases were baffled, because the French frigate shoals were occupied by american carrier pilots USS Tangier.
The americans gave this seaplane code name Emily, and for his good performances, effective equipment and a sophisticated passive protection to respect. Shoot Emily was rather valuable and often allied pilots have been reporting, though in that area nor Emily were not deployed. Emilka withstand considerable damage in combat, if her crew from attack by enemy fighters managed to drop to close to the sea surface, to protect the exposed underside of the aircraft, it was quite difficult to shoot down.
Kawanishi H8K2 "Emily" was also the last war machine, which flew over Japan, unfortunately it was for the Japanese the sad years, of 13. November 1945 under american control could be one of the best preserved Emilku, originally belonging to a state 801. Kōkutai, fly, flight was a route Takuma - Yokohama. The seaplane was loaded on a ship and taken to the naval base Norfolk in Virginia. Here he was briefly tested, but with very frequent defects on the engines. This aircraft was finally, after long and difficult negotiations, in 1979, returned to Japan, where an extensive reconstruction, which was completed 27. march 1982.

Flying boats Kawanishi H8K be in its state of these units:
Saeki Kōkutai
Sasebo Kōkutai
Takuma Kōkutai
Yokohama Kōkutai
• Yokosuka Kōkutai
14th Kōkutai
801st Kōkutai
802nd Kōkutai
851st Kōkutai
901st Kōkutai
902nd Kōkutaeven
951st Kōkutai
1001st Kōkutai
1021st Kōkutai
• 1081st Kōkutai
Kokutai

Used springs:
René J. Francillon Ph. d., Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis Maryland, Reprinted 1990, ISBN-0-87021-313-X.
Robert C. Mikesh and Shorzoe Abe, Japanese Aircraft 1910-1941, Londra, Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1990, ISBN0-85177-840-2.
William Green, War Planes of the Second World War, Flying Boats, Volume Five, MacDonald, London, Revised and reprinted 1969, ISBN 356-01449-5
Robert C. Mikesh, Japanese Aircraft Code Names & Designations, Schiffer Publishing, Ltd., 1993, ISBN 0-88740-447-2.
M. C. Richards, Kawanishi 4-Motor Flying-Boats (H6K 'Mavis' and H8K 'Emily'), Aircraft in Profile Volume 11. Windsor, Berkshire, UK, Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.
Famous Airplanes of The World, Kawanishi Type 2 Flying boat, Well. 68. 12/1975, Bunrin-Do, No ISBN.
Tadeusz Januszewski and Kryzysztof Zalewski, Japońskie samoloty marynarski 1912-1945, tiel 2, Lampart, 2000, ISBN 83-86776-00-05
Vaclav Nemecek, Military aircraft 3 part, the second supplemented edition, Our Troops, Prague 1992, ISBN 80-206-0117-1
Leszek And. Wieliczko, Kawanishi H8K, Nowa Technika Wojskowa – Nr. 6/2014, 2014, Warszawa, Magnum X. ISSN 2080-9743.
http://www.combinedfleet.com/ijna/h8k.htm
http://www.airwar.ru/enc/sww2/h8k.html
www.militaryfactory.com
http://www.airtoaircombat.com/detail.asp?id=589
http://www.angelfire.com/oh3/pmodels/emily.html
http://www.daveswarbirds.com/Nippon/Japanese.htm
http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WTJAP_WWII.php
author archive
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