T-72M2 Moderna

     
Název:
Name:
T-72M2 Moderna T-72M2 Moderna
Originální název:
Original Name:
T-72M2 Moderna
Kategorie:
Category:
hlavní bojový tank main battle tank
Výrobce:
Producer:
DD.MM.2000-DD.MM.2000 Vojenský opravárenský podnik 027 Trenčín, š.p., Trenčín
Období výroby:
Production Period:
DD.MM.RRRR-DD.MM.RRRR (sériová výroba nezahájena / serial production not started)
Vyrobeno kusů:
Number of Produced:
1 prototyp / prototype
Prototyp vyroben:
Prototype Built:
DD.MM.2000 (?)
Osádka:
Crew:
3
Technické údaje:
Technical Data:
 
Bojová hmotnost:
Combat Weight:
46250 kg 101964 lb
Délka s kanónem dopředu:
Length with Gun Forward:
9350 mm 30ft 8in
Délka korby:
Hull Length:
? mm ?
Celková šířka:
Overall Width:
3650 mm 11 ft 11 ¾ in
Celková výška:
Overall Height:
21901) mm 7 ft 2 ¼ in 1)
Světlá výška:
Ground Clearance:
450 mm 1 ft 5 ¾ in
Šířka pásu:
Track Width:
580 mm 1 ft 10 ⅞ in
Měrný tlak:
Ground Pressure:
? MPa ? psi
Pancéřování:
Armour:
vychází z typu T-72M1? (korba + věž), přidáno dynamické pancéřování DYNAS based on the type used at T-72M1? (hull + turret), DYNAS reactive armour added
Pohon:
Propulsion:
 
Typ:
Type:
S12U
- čtyřtaktní, vznětový, kapalinou chlazený
- počet válců: 12
S12U
- four-stroke, diesel, water cooled
- number of cylinders: 12
Výkon:
Power:
625 kW při 2300 ot/min 838 bhp at 2300 rpm
Převodové ústrojí:
Transmission:
2 planetové převodovky
- počet převodových stupňů: 7+1
- ovládání: hydraulické s mechanicky ovládanými posouvači
2 planetary gearboxes
- number of gears:7+1
- control: hydraulic with mechanical shifters
Výkony:
Performance:
 
Rychlost na silnici:
Road Speed:
60 km/h 37 mph
Rychlost v terénu:
Cross-country Speed:
35-45 km/h 22-28 mph
Jízdní dosah po silnici:
Cruising Range on Road:
620 km 385 mi
Jízdní dosah v terénu:
Cross-country Cruising Range:
430-560 km 267-348 mi
Překonávání překážek:
Obstacles Crossing:
 
Svah:
Gradient:
30 ° 67 %
Boční náklon:
Side Slope:
25 ° 56 %
Překročivost:
Trench Crossing:
2,6-2,8 m 102-110in
Výstupnost:
Vertical Obstacle:
0,85 m 34in
Brodivost:
Fording Depth:
1,22) m 47in2)
Výzbroj:
Armament:
 
Hlavní:
Main:
kanón 2A46MS
- ráže: 125 mm
- náměr: -6° až +13,4°
- kadence: 8 ran/min
- náboje pro kanón: 39 kusů (22 v nabíjecím automatu)
2A46MS cannon
- calibre: 125 mm
- elevation: -6° to +13,4°
- rate of fire: 8 rpm
- ammunition: 39 rounds (22 in autoloader)
Vedlejší:
Secondary:
spřažený kulomet TK vz. 95
- ráže: 7,62 mm
- náboje pro spřažený kulomet: 2000 kusů


protiletadlový kanon 2A42
- ráže: 30 mm
- náboje pro protiletadlový kulomet: 250 kusů
TK vz. 95 coaxial machine gun
- calibre: 7.62 mm
- ammunition for coaxial machine gun: 2000 rounds


2A42 anti-aircraft cannon
- calibre: 30 mm
- ammunition for anti-aircraft machine gun: 250 rounds
Uživatelské státy:
User States:
- -
Poznámka:
Note:
1) po strop věže
2) bez přípravy, s přípravou 5 m;
maximální šířka vodní překážky: 500 m
1) to turret roof
2) without preparation, with preparation 197 in;
maximum length of water obstacle: 1640 ft
Zdroje:
Sources:
viz níže / see below
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#501096 Version : 0
Moderna - genesis of the development of Slovak tank prototypes

T-72M2E
In 1994, after the disintegration of Czechoslovakia, Martinská zbrojovka brought its second modernization of the Soviet medium tank T-72, under the designation T-72 M2E "Moderna", to the Brno IDET trade fair. He was armed directly with a model interesting combination - in the rotating tower had a 125 mm cannon 2A46, coupled machine gun and on the sides of the tower two 20 mm cannons of the system 20 mm Oerlikon-Contraves KAA. Local experts claimed that it even has belts used from a prototype tank of a previous modernization and that it is a mistake to use two foreign cannons of small power, when we have a more powerful weapon 30 mm cannon 2A42.

The first steps to modernize the T-72 were taken by the Federal Army in 1989-1991. Several proposals from France, in which Sagem, Sfim and Thomson-CSF participated, were considered. For this purpose, military designers prepared the technical and tactical requirements for the modernization of the T-72 tank. These were and still are strict enough and hard limits to increase crew protection, shooting accuracy and the ability of the vehicle to "survive" on the battlefield. One of the conditions was the greatest possible use of existing units and parts of the T-72 tank.

At the end of 1993, the state was divided and the development of the T-72M2E tank project in Slovakia was left. In 1994, the already mentioned IDET and the first commercial demonstration of the prototype took place.

T-72M2
IDET was followed by "silence on the footpath", perhaps only interrupted by a small exhibition episode at the Slovak IDEE. During the silence, Slovak designers worked on a second version of the T-72M2 prototype. After military tests, they abandoned the mount of two Swiss cannons. The reason was the excessive stress on the rotating system of the turret during the simultaneous firing of a dose from both main. The monopoly position of French companies in the modernization of fire control elements also ended, with the addition of the Slovenian company Fotona and the Slovak companies ZŤS Dubnica and EVPÚ Nová Dubnica. Local armament factories equipped it with a second version of the T-72M2 prototype with a modernized 125 mm smooth-barreled cannon 2A46MS. The anti-aircraft defense was changed in favor of a simple mount on a licensed 30 mm cannon 2A42. The original articulated tank machine gun replaced the new 7.62 mm TK-95, which thanks to the interchangeable barrel can use not only the original Czechoslovak. ammunition vz. 59, but also 7.62x51 mm of the NATO system. There was a slight modification of the reactive suspended armor Dynas. Defense against laser irradiators and sights, uses a detector Lird-3A (later type Lird-4) and smoke grenade launchers Galix caliber 80 mm. The internal protection of the crew was strengthened by the Deugra fire extinguishing system and the modernized filter ventilation equipment and the GO-27 annoying substance indicator. The connection is provided by the Panther 2000-V radio station with a range of 25 km. The S12U engine (625 kW) is a modernized version of the original Soviet multi-fuel power unit V46-6.

In 1998, the Minister of Defense of the Slovak Republic Ján Sitek claimed that the issue of modernization of tanks of the Slovak Army had been resolved before its accession to NATO. He literally said: "At the beginning of June, we signed a contract with ZŤS-TEES a.s. Martin on a future contract for the production and delivery of 5 pieces of T-72M2 Moderna tanks."

I don't know if this contract was fulfilled, but military tests of the second variant of tank modernization were started. Now marked only by the abbreviation T-72M2. In the year 2000 at the Slovak IDEE exhibition, one piece of the prototype was presented, which successfully completed its military tests, and allegedly began work on a verification series. The state company VOP-27 Trenčín was determined as the production finalist. According to unverified data, tests are currently underway with engines with higher power, such as the Polish concern Bumar type S-1000 (735 kW).

Note
Two published photographs and a side view belong to the first appearance version of the prototype T-72 M2E Moderna tank and the remaining one piece depicts the second version of the T-72 M2. In the appendix, I allowed myself to use the spatial section, published by the Military Repair Company 027 Trenčín, with marked modernization nodes of the T-72 M2 prototype.
T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#75978 Version : 0
The medium tank T-72M2 is a well-armed tracked vehicle, providing the three-member crew with reliable protection and high maneuverability. The tank is armed with a 125 mm cannon with a smooth barrel, which is stabilized in two planes. A 7.62 mm machine gun is coupled to it. For air defense, it is armed with two 20 mm cannons located on both sides of the tower. The tank has a fire control system that allows high combat activity day and night with a high probability of intervention. The tank is equipped with a device to protect the crew from the effects of weapons of mass destruction, a smoke device to create a smoke screen, a fire-fighting device to report a fire in the vehicle and a self-propelled device.


MODERNIZING ELEMENTS OF THE CHASSIS


Increased armor protection (including tower set) - DYNAS
A new modern way to increase the armor protection of the tank is to mount reactive armor on the front and sides of the tower.
The 2nd generation dynamic protection includes two-layer elements of powerful dynamic protection elements with a layer of refined materials and provides individual protection of armor against projectiles with tandem warheads.


Increase engine power (625 kW and 736 kW)
The S 12U engine (850 HP) is a modernization of the W 46.6 engine. It is intended for installation in a modernized T-72M2 tank. The higher power of the S 12U engine with a relatively smaller increase in the weight of the tank after the installation of modernization elements and systems allows it to achieve higher acceleration and improve the dynamics of driving on the road and in the field.


New fire and explosion suppression equipment (including tower set)
Fire-fighting equipment protects the tank and its crew from the effects of fire. The new fire-fighting equipment from DEUGRA (Germany) has the ability to indicate a fire or explosion in the initial phase, to quickly activate a fire-fighting equipment with effective extinguishing agents. The DEUGRA fire protection device makes it possible to suppress the effects of fire or explosion within 15 s in the crew compartment and within 20 s in the engine-transmission compartment. Quick action prevents the formation of high temperatures, pressures, toxic gases and loss of oxygen. This greatly increases the crew's ability to survive in combat deployment and reduces the possibility of damage to the tank by fire and explosion.


Hanging driver's seat and new bottom with hatch
An element that increases the driver's safety is to change the installation of his seat. Originally, the driver's seat was attached to the bottom of the hull, and while the tank was driving, the shocks of the hull's bottom were transmitted to the terrain directly into the seat, which adversely affected the driver.
When re-installed, the driver's seat is suspended from the roof of the body, which virtually eliminates the direct transmission of shocks and deformations from the bottom of the body to the seat.
The main advantage of the new installation of the driver's seat is the increase of driver safety in the event of explosion of anti-tank mines due to 37 mm increase in the bottom under the seat, increasing the distance of the lowest point of the seat from the bottom by 50 mm, thus isolating the seat from the bottom. endangers the safety of the driver.


Combined driver control device with microprocessor
The combined driver control device DMS 16 provides signaling and monitoring of all necessary operating parameters of the T-72M2 vehicle.


New night passive driver observer PNK-72
The new PNK-72 driver's night vision device is a passive periscope stereoscopic optical instrument with two built-in electro-optical image intensifiers with electric glass heating, allows spatial vision for the driver, improves his orientation in the field and thus allows him to accelerate tank movement at night.


Onboard air conditioner (group on request)
The air conditioning in the T-72M2 tank ensures cooling of the air in the internal combat area. It consists of air conditioning unit, compressor, condenser, connecting control parts. The amount of supplied air is 527 m3/hour.


Other improvements
At the same time, other problem areas were solved, which were not called modernization topics, but were directly or indirectly related to the concept of introducing modernization topics:
a.) increasing the load on the gearbox and transmission,
b.) new air filter for 1000 k engine,
c.) chassis bath and undercarriage system,
d.) new el. control block 3 EC 11 - 3,
e.) modified electrical cabling of the chassis.
T-72M2 Moderna - T-72M2E Moderna

T-72M2E Moderna
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#102407 Version : 0
Improved tank fire control system
The fire control system gives the tank the ability to fight day and night in any weather. It allows equal shooting to the shooter and the commander, day and night, with a standing and moving tank, shooting "hunter-killer".
In addition to the original fire control system, which was introduced by the TPD-K1 sight and stabilization, the new SRP integrates new elements - TIGS shooter's thermal sight with a ballistic computer, MVS 580 commander's panoramic sight, multifunctional multiprocessor electronic unit type "Turret management system", meter sensor and improved original elements - refined stabilization, refined cannon 2A46MS.


TIGS thermal sight sight
The thermal sight of the shooter is designed and constructed with the intention of replacing the existing night sight of the shooter TPN-1 in the T-72 tank. Significantly improves the combat ability of the tank at night and in poor visibility. The entire system is built into the space after removing the TPN-1, which allows easy installation without the need to modify the tower. The mechanical connection connects the cannon to the deflector of the optics mirror. The device can function as a stand-alone device or as part of a fire control system.


Commanding Panoramic Sight MVS 580
The MVS 580 sight is an optical gyroscopic observation unit designed for incorporation into battle tanks. It forms part of the fire control system. It is designed for use by tank commanders. Functions can be performed day and night with a static vehicle or while driving:


- optical periscope and panoramic observation of the terrain and surroundings of the vehicle
- target threat detection and analysis
- supply of fire control data related to the position and movement of the target (DA 8041)
- aiming and shooting from the main cannon, machine gun or against the aircraft cannon of the vehicle
when connected to a fire control unit
when using a sight, the tank commander shall receive information concerning the relative direction of the turret, and
intentional.


The MVS 580 sight can be used in the basic version or with an optional micromonitor. The sight contains a laser rangefinder and a thermal imaging camera. The panoramic sight MVS 580 is mounted on a fixed hatch, which is located on the site of the original command tower.


Enemy Laser Laser Systems Detection and Indication System (SDIO)
The system significantly reduces the likelihood of the tank hitting the enemy, as the detectors detect laser beams emitted by the enemy's rangefinder or by guiding guided missiles. This is followed automatically (or manually) by the firing of smoke grenades in the direction from which the impulse came.


Modernized cannon 2A46MS
The aim of the modernization of the cannon 2A46 was to reduce the dispersion of the weapon to ensure the highest possible probability of first hit.
Installation of a 30 mm cannon 2A42
To protect the tank against low-flying targets, especially helicopters, an anti-aircraft cannon is introduced into the tank's armament. It is also designed for combat with ground targets and armored combat vehicles.


Fasteners
The original R-123 radio station and the THZ R-124 tank intercom were replaced by the JAGUAR radio and the BCC 600 intercom from RACAL.


Smoke system GALIX
The GALIX vehicle protection system is designed to create a protective screen in front of the vehicle after exposure to the LIRD-3A system. Grenades can be fired automatically upon detection of irradiation, or by firing from the control panel.
There are 22 throwers mounted on the vehicle, from which ammunition is fired, which creates a smoke screen in the broadband spectrum - visible and IR, or ammunition to interrupt missile guidance.


Cabling RAYCHEM
The cabling of the tank was changed according to the American RAYCHEM system, which meets NATO standards.


Machine gun TK vz. 95
The machine gun is more accurate than the original PKT, allows you to shoot 7.62 mm vz. 95 and after the replacement of the barrel and some components ammunition 7.62 x 51 NATO.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#102408 Version : 0
T-72 M2
Slovak view on MBT modernization


The tank has been the most universal weapon since its inception. As its importance on the battlefield has been proven many times, a number of anti-tank means have emerged, to which the battle tank must adapt by further improving and harmonizing its three basic values - firepower, mobility and armor.


The most reliable protection of the tank is the timely destruction of the enemy, which threatens him. This means that the main emphasis in the modernization of tanks is placed on increasing fire efficiency. If we do not consider the training of the crew, then the firing activity, which is a key element of survival, lies in the following technical aspects:
# firepower of the main weapon,
# aiming the target (determining its distance, preparing the elements of firing needed to destroy the enemy) - this is the purpose of observation devices, sights, rangefinders and computers of the fire control system,
# increase the probability of hitting the target with the first shot (increasing the accuracy of the cannon itself, the quality of the turret propulsion, quality stabilization of the cannon and sights).


Something from history


The production of the T-72 medium tank and the delivery of the first pieces to the armaments of the armies of Central European states took place in 1981 with the contribution of the then Soviet Union. The tanks were manufactured in the then Czechoslovakia and the Polish People's Republic. From the very beginning of production in Czechoslovakia, gradual modernizations of the already operated version began, when in 1981 the USSR supplied licensed manufacturers (ČSSR, PĽR) with technical documentation for six different modernizations. The modifications mainly concerned the addition of smoke grenade launchers on both sides of the tower, an increase in the number of rounds of firing diameter and the driver's observation device.


Despite the changes made, the weak point of the T-72 was the conduct of combat operations at night and in deteriorating conditions, and last but not least, the small possibilities of conducting effective fire during movement. Even the passive protection of some parts of the tank was not at an adequate level.


About 1988, the original manufacturer proposed the supply of new tanks marked T-72S (or also T-72M1M). Thanks to this proposal, the then Czechoslovak solution of tank modernization was stopped, which already contained a fire control system (SRP) marked 1 A40-1. The modernization also included a new, more accurate cannon, a more sensitive stabilizer, a combined day and night sight, as well as a more powerful engine with a reinforced gear and travel mechanism.


Thanks to this modernization and rejection of the offered T-72S, the Soviet manufacturer came up with another offer under the designation T-72S1, in which the SRP was built-in sight for guiding laser-guided anti-tank guided missiles. After the change of the political orientation of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic in 1989, the purchase of this promising modification did not take place.


Because it was assumed that the original tanks of the T-72 series (M, T-72M1) will continue to be used by the armies of Central European States, especially for defense purposes, have required and still require comprehensive modernization.


The first steps towards the modernization of the T-72 were taken by the federal army in the former Czechoslovakia. Several modernization projects proposed by companies in the French defense industry were considered. For example, SAGEM or Thomson-CSF participated in these proposals.


The Federal Army also processed technical and tactical requirements for the modernization of the T-72 tank. It must be said that these were and are quite tough and strict criteria - increasing crew protection, accuracy of shooting or the ability to survive the tank in the conditions of the current battlefield, but with the greatest possible preservation and use of the original units and equipment of the tank.


The Slovak Army identified with these requirements. Their fulfillment took a lot of time and gradual refinement.The development of the tank has come a long way since the first modernized version with two 20 mm anti-aircraft cannons KAA, the original 125 mm cannon 2A46, a new instrument equipment (different from the current version) to the current version. At the IDEE 2000 exhibition, one piece of the T-72 M2 tank was presented at the exposition of the Slovak Army, which successfully passed military tests and its verification series is being prepared. However, everything will depend on the ability of the Slovak Army to pay for this modernization on battle tanks. Because in addition to the implementation of modernization steps, the individual tanks will also be overhauled, the finalist of the tank for the Slovak Army became VOP 027 in Trenčín, which has extensive experience in repairing tank and other armored track and wheel equipment. For those interested outside the army, the implementation companies coordinate their activities. In addition to the classic method, when the entire modernization is carried out in Slovakia, there is also the possibility of implementing the modernization with the capacity and resources of the state, which will order it for its own army with the technical assistance of Slovak companies.


Tank T-72 M2


The development of tank modernization took place in three lines:
# increase in firepower,
# increase of passive and active protection,
# increase mobility.


Based on the solutions of these three problems and tests, new knowledge has been gained and further development options are being prepared.


Medium tank T-72 M2 belongs to the MBT category (main battle tank). It represents a modernization of the version of the T-72 tank and especially the tank T-72M1 manufactured since the 80s on the basis of a license in ZŤS Martin in Slovakia. Due to its still interesting ratio between technical parameters as well as utility properties and price, this tank is one of the most used type of tank in its category in the world.


High-quality armored and very well-armed tracked combat vehicle has high mobility in the field and on the road. By providing its own armor, it provides very good ballistic protection for all three crew members. The equipment of the tank also provides very good protection against the effects of weapons of mass destruction and against possible fire or explosion in the interior of the vehicle. The tank is able to overcome water obstacles to a depth of 1.2 meters without preparation. It is able to overcome water obstacles up to 5 meters with a device for wading watercourses after the necessary preparation. It also includes a self-releasing device. Depending on the requirements, it can also be equipped with a demining device for creating passages in minefields. The standard equipment of the tank is complemented by a set of spare parts, tools and accessories.


Observation and aiming devices:


Observation and aiming device with laser rangefinder - day/night
MVS 580
-magnification 10x (narrow field of view)
-3.2x magnification (wide field of view)


Driver night vision device
NV-3P
passive, magnification 1x


Shooter's sighting and aiming device with laser rangefinder (basic, emergency) - day
TPD-K1
magnification 8x


Tank sighting and aiming device shooter with laser rangefinder - day/night
TIGS
with thermal imaging system


Increasing firepower:


The increase in the firepower of the tank was realized in the following areas:


# increase the accuracy of the main cannon and coupled machine gun,
# increase the ability to defend against low-flying targets,
# improve weapon stabilization,
#fire dilution system,
# other upgraded tower systems.


The armament of the tank is a weapon system that can rotate around the entire hull of the tank, which gives it the ability to observe and perform combat tasks in the field of view 360o. The main weapon system consists of a 125mm cannon 2A46MS with a smooth bore barrel, automatic charging and rotating magazine. The 7.62mm machine gun TK vz.95 is coupled to the cannon as standard, which replaced the original PKT. The new machine gun is more accurate, allows you to shoot ammunition 7.62 vz. 59 and after the replacement of the barrel and some components also ammunition 7.62x51 NATO.


Modernized cannon 2A46MS


As part of a set of modernization steps on the T-72 tank, the modernization of the original cannon 2A46, which did not meet the specified requirements. The aim of the modernization was to increase the accuracy of firing a tank cannon 2A46, which the implementer, Trenčín's Construct Defense, decided to solve by minimizing the muzzle disturbance of the cannon . In the first phase of development work, the ratios to TK 2A46 were analyzed in terms of mouth disturbance. Based on the results, an optimal solution for the modernization of TK was designed and implemented in order to reduce its mouthpiece and increase its accuracy. This was achieved by redesigning the brake reversing device and symmetrizing the design of the butt barrel so as to reduce the resulting torque action on the barrel during the movement of the projectile in the barrel. With the prototype of the cannon 2A46MS under the designation YA1, mounted in the tank T-72, comparative shooting tests with the tank were performed T-72 with the original cannon 2A46. Based on the results of shooting tests, the probability of hitting the target (T-72 tank) with the first shot from the T-72 tank using TK 2A46 aj was evaluated. 2A46MS. The probability of hitting the first shot with the use of a cannon 2A46MS increased by 23% compared to the original blood pressure 2A46, while this value is still increasing through effective cooperation with the fire control system.


Technical characteristics of T-72 M2
Combat weight: 46250 kg
Height: 2190 mm
Width: 3650 mm
Clearance: 450 mm
Average speed in the field: 35 - 45 km/h
Driving range in terrain: 430 - 560 km
Max. pitch angle: 30 °
Max. side tilt angle: 25 °
Obstacle height: 0.85 m
Obstacle width: 2.6 - 2.8 m


Armament:
cannon 2A46MS: 125 mm
coupled machine gun: 7.62 mm TK vz.95
cannon set against lightly armored and low-flying targets: 30 mm 2A42
Smoke equipment:
GALIX - 22 main/80 mm smoke grenade launchers


Firing diameter:
cannon 2A46MS - 39 (of which 22 in the charging machine)
machine gun TK vz.95 - 2000
cannon set 2A42 - 250
Cadence - main cannon - max. 8 rounds/min.
Ammunition for 2A46MS:
-sub-pound (APFSDS)
-crunch-explosive (HE-FRAG)
-cumulative (HEAT)
Homogeneous armor thickness equivalent:
-front of the hull and tower 1200 mm
-bed body 200mm
-tower ceiling 200 mm
Cannon stabilization - control system
Measuring angle - n x 360 °
Elevation angle - -6 ° to + 13.4 °


Additional equipment - 30 mm cannon 2A42


To defend against lightly armored vehicles and low-flying targets (mainly combat helicopters), the tank is equipped with a cannon set with a 30 mm anti-aircraft cannon 2A42. The cannon is stabilized and controlled by the commander. It is installed at the back of the right side of the tower.


Improving stabilization


The tower is stabilized in the measurement and the cannon in the measurement by electro-hydraulic stabilization (thus the cannon is stabilized in the measurement and operation). The stabilizer decisively influences the resulting parameters of the CFP. The original design of the stabilizer set the mean amplitude of the oscillations of the stabilized cannon to less than 0.8 mrad in range and 2 mrad in range, which gave no precondition for meeting the TTP set by the CFP. It was optimal to achieve an improvement to 0.3 mrad in scale and 0.5 mrad in scale.These parameters were achieved by changes in control circuits and reduction of play in the cannon and tower mounts. The original gyroscope replaced the new model, which allows you to obtain all the necessary quantities for the CFP. The successful implementation of this change was made possible by a digital controller. The controllers are integrated directly into the ballistic computer. The advantage of the solution is the preservation of the original hydraulic drives of measurement and measurement. The concept used reduces the spatial complexity of the solution, simplifies interconnection and allows more flexible modification of the system.


Fire control system


The original daily sight of the shooter TPD-K1 (with stabilized aiming and laser rangefinder) and the original automatic charging form the basis for a new integrated fire control system. This system also includes new elements: thermal imaging sight of the TIGS shooter, panoramic sight of the commander MVS 580, TMS turret control system, laser radiation detection and indication system in conjunction with a system of smoke grenade launchers, meteosensor and other sensors. The thermal imaging sight of the TIGS shooter from the Slovenian company FOTOMA is installed on the site of the original active night sight & # 232; a TPN-1. TIGS has its own ballistic computer for autonomous use. The modern day/thermal imaging sight of the Commander MVS 580 of the French company SFIM (a subsidiary of SAGEM) was built by the modernizers into the new fixed hatch of the Commander. 360o observation is provided by a panoramic head with a stabilized mirror, which can rotate independently of the position of the tower. In addition to shooting from the main cannon, the commander through this sight also performs shooting from 2A42. The sight is equipped with its own laser rangefinder. The tower control system combines a ballistic computer, control, monitoring and communication systems that process signals and information from the sensors and systems of the tower assembly. The tower's equipment and systems, along with the NV-3P night passive observation device and other upgrades, give the T-72M2 the ability to successfully perform combat tasks in difficult terrain and conduct effective shooting in motion or during stops at stationary or moving targets in day and night, even with reduced visibility with a high probability of being hit by the first shot.


Basic characteristics of SRP


The integration of the fire control system into the T-72M2 tank tower is the result of the solution of the Slovak companies ZŤS Dubnica nad Váhom plus, a.s. and EVPÚ, a.s. Nová Dubnica in cooperation with the French company SFIM and the Slovenian FOTOMA.


The tower set integrates two fundamentally different fire control systems - a system with a movable aiming mark without independent stabilization of the TIGS thermal imaging camera mirror at the shooter's station (TPD-K1 sight is a backup system and its SRP function remained unchanged) and a system with independently gyroscopically stabilized aiming at the commander's station with a panoramic day/night sight type MVS580 with integrated own laser rangefinder. The core of the SRP consists of a ballistic computer which, based on known ballistic parameters of ammunition and sensed or entered input ballistic quantities (sight parallax, distance, powder charge temperature, barrel wear, inclination, meteorological conditions, etc.) calculates with high accuracy the required ballistic deviation of the firing cannon from the intentionally selected sight. The same CFP core is used for the two systems, only the way the ballistic calculation results are processed. Processing is provided by a tower management system (TMS), which completes the resulting features of the CFP.


The basic module of the SRP is a computer system FCC, which includes a ballistic computer, a digital servo system for controlling the elevation of the main cannon 2A46MS, elevation 30 mm cannon 2A42 and tower measurement, input-output circuits for connection of ballistic quantity sensors and for connection of the subsystem of the tower set (focuses on ; e TPD-K1, TIGS, MVS 580, automatic charging, etc.).


Another part, including in particular the connection of the modified original subsystems, is integrated into the CFP through the modified original distribution box K1, which is designated as K1.4. It ensures logical cooperation and mutual blocking of collision states during the work of individual subsystems of the tower set. At the same time, it mediates the interconnection of the TMS with the FCC computer system and between the subsystems. The system has significantly increased the ability to destroy moving targets while driving, day and night in any weather. It allows equivalent shooting from the main cannon to the shooter and commander and use the "hunter-killer" mode.


Main characteristics:
# increased stability of the aiming axis (shooter's field of view) and stability of the main axis,
# Introduction of goal movement data
# full compatibility with the original charging machine,
# effective night channel in the sight of the shooter and commander,
# fire control system connection for cannon 2A46MS a 2A42.


The original fire control system remains fully functional and can be used as an emergency.


The modernization of the tower's electronics also required a complete change in the cabling not only in the tower, but also in the chassis to meet world standards. The cabling now forms the American RAYCHEM system.


The provision of external communication with the superior stage and cooperating units is operated by the new RF 1350 vehicle radio station from the DICOM company. It consists of a VHF radio RF13 and an amplifier ZV13 with a power of 50W. The radio provides all types of operation, including data transmission via internal modem. The BCC 600 tank intercom with the Active Noise Canceling (ANR) system is used to ensure internal communication between crew members, which very favorably reduces the noise level in the headset and thus prolongs the crew's combat readiness. It is manufactured by MESIT devices under license from RACAL.


Increasing passive and active protection


Passive and active protection of the tank was increased during the development of modernization by using and integrating the following elements:
# protective combined coating with deformation pattern and anti-radar, anti-thermovision and anti-infrared effect,
#Explosive Reactive Armor
# GALIX grenade launcher system,
# laser irradiation detector LIRD-4D,
# DEUGRA fire-fighting equipment,
# WMD protection.


The resistance of the armor is strengthened by the use of additional reactive armor of the second generation DYNAS, which is also effective against tandem missiles. Additional dynamic protection (DO) is a type of so-called heavy dynamic protection due to its design solution. The integral two-layer composition of active elements and the use of refined materials ensures an increase in the resistance of the basic armor even against the penetrating effect of PTRS and RPTZ with a tandem arrangement of warheads. The geometric composition of the blocks and active elements, the method of attaching the dynamic protection to the hull and tower, as well as the use of refined materials significantly reduces the breakthrough performance of modern sub-caliber ammunition. The development of dynamic protection (Konstrukta-Defense, a.s.) for a modernized tank focused on solving the DO, whose performance of active elements prevents the penetration of protected areas of the hull and PTRS tower (breaking capacity of their main cumulative charge reaches values exceeding 1000 mm of homogeneous armor).The impetus for this direction of the conceptual solution was the fact that against the single-stage DO design (DYNA) were upgraded anti-tank ammunition warheads with warheads with a tandem arrangement of two consecutive cumulative charges, which eliminated the essence of simple DO protection. In the brief information it is possible to mention known modern types of anti-tank ammunition, which are currently used in ground forces (KORNET, ERYX, METIS, etc.) in tank armament (charge 3 UBK14, 9K120 Svir etc.) and also in helicopters, as generally accepted effective anti-tank means, ammunition type 9M120 Vichr, AGM-114 Hellfire etc.). These anti-tank means with tandem warheads with the described breakthrough power of the main charge endanger the tanks from a distance of 5 to 10 km.


Based on the results of the experimental part of the development, it can be stated that the modernization, which aims to increase the resistance of basic armor in combination with the use of dynamic protection blocks type DYNAS provides protection on the T-72M2 tank crew and ammunition against the most modern types of ammunition. Since the use of container ammunition with submunitions is a part of the modern way of combating tank technology, the ceiling part of the tank tower is protected by active elements of DO even against the intermittent performance of submunitions. Dynamic protection of the hull front in combination with the basic armor and protection of the hull sides ensure an increase in the resistance of the armor in the radius of the tank chassis ± 200. The front and sides of the tower with additional dynamic protection ensure increased armor resistance in a tower dimension of ± 350. The active elements of the DO are, in terms of the sensitivity of the explosive used for initiation, resistant to bullets of 7.65 to 14.5 mm caliber and also of 30 mm caliber piercing ammunition. The temperature range of the correct dynamic protection function is in the range of ambient temperatures -300C to + 600C. The manufacturer of DYNAS type dynamic protection blocks for a modernized tank is the CHEMKO, a.s. Strážske. The total weight of the armor is 2200 kg and is distributed as follows - 900 kg on the tower, 440 kg at the front of the hull and 860 kg on the sides of the hull. Independent camouflage and protection of the tank during its deployment in combat operations provides a tank smoke device for creating a smoke screen, by injecting fuel into the exhaust system as in the original T-72 and a set of 22 smoke grenade launchers GALIX mounted on the tank tower. Ammunition is fired from eight throwers on the right and left side of the tower (16 in total), which creates a smoke screen in the broadband spectrum - visible and IR. Of the four throwers located at the front of the tower anti-personnel ammunition to defend the tank against manpower and two located on the ceiling of the rear of the tower ammunition to interfere with the guidance of laser-guided PTRS. Other types of ammunition can also be used.


Laser irradiation detection and indication system The LIRD-4D is an optoelectronic device providing an immediate warning of irradiation by laser rangefinders/markers operating in the 0.5 to 1.6 µm wavelength range. Depending on the selected mode, it allows automatic, semi-automatic or manual firing of GALIX smoke grenades in the direction of irradiation. It detects laser irradiation and, together with a system of smoke grenade launchers, allows the tank to avoid being hit.


The combat and engine-transmission space of the tank is equipped with a modern rapid fire-fighting device DEUGRA, which protects the tank and its crew from the effects of fire. This device is able to indicate a fire or explosion in the initial phase and quickly activate a fire-fighting device with effective extinguishing agents. The DEUGRA device makes it possible to suppress the effects of fire or explosion within 150 ms in the crew compartment and within 20 ms in the engine-transmission compartment. It prevents the formation of high temperatures, toxic gas pressures and loss of oxygen. This significantly increases the crew's ability to survive in combat deployment and reduces the possibility of damage to the tank by fire and explosion.In terms of operation, the fire-fighting equipment consists of two main functional parts:
# elements and fire or explosion detection system,
# elements and extinguishing system.


The system has 11 kg of extinguishing mixture. To detect a fire, a 12 m signal wire is used in the engine-transmission area and three optical sensors are used in the crew area, which are able to indicate a fire within 3 ms. The system allows automatic or manual control. Extinguishing a fire in the engine-transmission area takes place without stopping the engine, which reduces the vulnerability of the tank on the battlefield.


Increase mobility


To increase the mobility and mobility of the tank, the following components were solved and integrated into the system as part of the modernization:
# modernized 625kW (850HP) engine,
# driver's seat,
# track belts with rubber feet,
# combined driver control panel,
# new night vision device for the driver.


Modernized engine


The S 12U engine (625kW) is a modernization of the V46-6 engine. It is designed for installation in modernized tanks T-72 M-1A and T-72M2. Compared to the original engine, the design modifications have managed to increase the power by more than 50 kW and the maximum torque of the engine by 270 Nm while maintaining the original dimensional characteristics. As part of engine modifications, gearboxes were also adapted to transmit higher power, and the engine was supplemented with a new PALL air filtration system. According to the available information, company tests were carried out in the range of 5000 km with an engine with a power of 1000HP (approximately 735kW). When used, the tank will have a specific power of about 15.9 kW/t, which is an increase of about 2.5 kW/t compared to the S12U engine. The Slovak Army has not yet shown interest in such a propulsion unit, which is currently incomprehensible in terms of the dynamics of armed conflict. Higher engine power with a relatively smaller increase in the weight of the tank after the installation of modernization elements and systems allows to achieve higher acceleration capacity and improved driving dynamics on the road even in difficult rugged terrain.


Driver protection


An element that increases the driver's safety is a change in the installation of his seat. Originally, the seat was mounted on the body, and when the tank was driving, the shocks of the bottom of the body were transmitted to the terrain directly into the seat, which adversely affected the driver. With the new solution used, the seat is suspended from the roof of the body, which practically eliminates the direct transmission of shocks and deformations from the bottom of the body to the seat. The main advantage of re-installing the driver's seat is to increase its safety in the event of an anti-tank mine explosion due to a 37 mm increase in the bottom under the seat and a 50 mm increase in the seat's lowest point from the bottom, endangers driver safety. Behind the driver's seat, there is also a bottom hatch with a lid.


Track belt with rubber feet


The track strip with rubber feet has links made as steel castings connected to each other by metal-rubber joints in the same way as with the original all-metal belt. On the outer side of the cell, a cavity for a rubber foot with vulcanized fixing screws is formed between the reinforcing ribs. The heel is screwed to the belt link, the nuts are recessed from the inside of the link and protected by caps. The belt is designed for driving mainly on hard ground. It has very good driving properties on concrete and asphalt roads, while the rubber feet prevent them from being damaged. The belt also has good gripping properties in the field. The strength properties of the belt are fully comparable with the classic all-metal belt.


Combined control panel for drivers


The combined control panel marked DSM 16.1 provides signaling and monitoring of all necessary operating parameters of the vehicle, which allows easier localization and further specification of any defects and its subsequent elimination. It is structurally designed using the latest computer technology, which allows its communication and diagnostics within the superior system. The device is located on the driver's dashboard.If any of the prescribed values is exceeded, this fact is signaled by an optical and acoustic warning system. The device monitors and signals the following parameters: total engine hours, engine speed, total mileage, on-board power consumption, oil temperature, KP lubrication pressure, critical coolant temperature, engine hours under load, vehicle speed, on-board network voltage, temperature coolant, engine lubrication pressure, amount of fuel in the left and right tanks, coolant change, time measurement, lubrication pressure, stopwatch, date, mileage per day. Another modernization element is the new ball track for storing the tower set on the body.


Conclusion


It can be stated that the designers in Slovakia managed the modernization of the T-72 tank at a very good level and the modernized T-72M2 tank is able to compete with any modernization of this category of tanks carried out in the surrounding states. The S12U engine remains used for reflection. It is a modernization of the original 12-cylinder multi-fuel Russian engine. The increase in power was achieved by modernizing the turbochargers, and due to the increase in power, changes were also made to the transmission mechanism.


However, the mechanical control system with all the limitations it has remained. According to the parameters, the modernized engine should basically operate at the limit of its technical and performance capabilities. In the case of a more powerful engine, it can be assumed that it will be a new design or the use of an already implemented concept. Here, however, comes another element, and that is the limited space for mounting the motor and transmission mechanisms.


Therefore, the question arises whether it would not be more advantageous to go a similar way as in the Czech Republic, where in a modernized tank T-72M4CZ used a powerpack supplied by NIMDA. It is a compact unit consisting of an English British Perkins Condor CV-12-1000 TCA engine, an American Allison XTG411-6 automatic transmission, a high-performance Airscrew Howden cooling system with a new filter and a new 650-amp alternator.


source: mosr
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#147660 Version : 0
T-72M2E - side resume
T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#109821 Version : 0
T-72M2E Moderna.
T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#45365 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Ďalšia fotka T-72M2E z IDEE 19xx.
T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#216896 Version : 0
Source : ZTS TEES MARTIN - promotional material
T-72M2 Moderna - T-72 M2

T-72 M2
T-72M2 Moderna - Ochranné prvky

Ochranné prvky
T-72M2 Moderna - T-72 M2 MODERNA

T-72 M2 MODERNA
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#324812 Version : 0
T-72M2 Moderna.
T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#45364 Version : 0
Photo of T-72M2 from IDEE 19xx?
T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#216894 Version : 0
Shooter's station with VEGA thermal imaging sight and TDP-K1 laser rangefinder
T-72M2 Moderna - (ATM)

(ATM)
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#131534 Version : 0
T-72 M2 Moderna, Military technical and skúšobný ústav Záhorie, 2005.

Current situation - August 2005:
There is only one piece (a prototype), which is approved and introduced into service OS SR. In the near future doesn't count with his next production for financial reasons. In the service of the OS SR is introduced purely from a business perspective - without the introduction of some of the army prototype hard offers at the fairs. This prototype is at the same time located in the Military technical and testing institute Záhorie..
T-72M2 Moderna -


T-72M2 Moderna -


T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#128571 Version : 0
T-72M2 Moderna, Sahara 2007 - Slovakia.
T-72M2 Moderna -


T-72M2 Moderna -


T-72M2 Moderna -


T-72M2 Moderna -


T-72M2 Moderna -


URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#229357 Version : 0

Citace - Tomas_Bouchal :

T-72M2 Moderna, Vojenský technický a skúšobný ústav Záhorie, 2005.


Current situation - August 2005:
There is only one unit (prototype) approved and introduced into ASR service. Its further production is not foreseen in the near future due to financial reasons. It is only introduced in ASR service purely from a commercial point of view - without introduction into some army, the prototype is hardly offered at trade fairs. This prototype is also in the Military Technical and Test Institute of Zagorje
.


Although officially the tank was introduced into the armament, in reality it was never introduced into the armament of the Slovak Armed Forces (ASR - Army of the Slovak Republic was abolished in 2002 together with Troops of the Ministry of the Interior and Railway Troops), as VTSÚ Záhorie is not and has never been part of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Armed Forces. At present, even the equipment at the disposal of the VTSU Záhorie (i.e. not even the T-72M2 tank prototype) is not counted even within the limits subject to the limitations of the KOS Treaty (Vienna Conventions), as it is equipment intended for research and testing purposes, not for combat operations.


Source: author's archive
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#501112 Version : 0

Diskuse

Dear colleague Michal Pertzian,
I would like to clarify the information about the photographs published by you. These are two mutations of the Czechoslovak, now Slovak, attempt to modernize the licensed T-72 tank.


The first development version of the tank was called T-72M2E Moderna.
- see your photo: T72M2.JPG
- the tank can be easily identified by mounting two 20 mm KAA cannons (Swiss company Oerlikon Contravers) on the sides of the tank turret
- the letter "E" in the abbreviation is probably derived from the word "experiment"
- it was first exhibited in the spring of 1994 in Brno at IDET
- the second time it was exhibited in Trencin at IDEE, probably in autumn 1994 (1996 at the latest)


The second development version of the tank was designated T-72M2 Moderna
- see your photo: T72M2_MODERNA.jpg
- the tank can be identified by the mounting of a licensed 30 mm 2A42 gun on the right side of the tank turret
- the preliminary contract agreement for the production of a proof series of five tanks was not fulfilled
- the tank was first exhibited in Trencin at IDEE in May 2000
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#216917 Version : 0
Too bad another project didn't get a chance. Since the T-72 is still being upgraded (even in NATO countries) it was a mistake to abandon this project after all the development had taken place. That just threw the money poured into it out the window.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589570 Version : 0
The project was not abandoned. Or rather, the army as such has not abandoned it. The tank has been introduced into the armament of the Slovak Armed Forces, albeit in a single specimen, which serves for the needs of research and development in the VTSU Záhorie (along with other rarities in this institute). The problem of modernisation as such is not its technical value but the state's capabilities and political doctrine at that time. Even today a lot of people and politicians have a problem with the modernization of our armed forces, and our economy is doing relatively well. In 2001, when not only the Moderna was undergoing military trials, there was no money for normal barracks operations and investment in massive tank modernisation would not have been welcomed by politicians. At that time, moreover, investments were already being made in completely different capabilities that we were trying to impress our future allies with (sappers, etc.). The development of the tank began at a time when there was no long-term concept for the development of the army. And the Moderna, as well as other promising projects, paid the price. On the one hand, the army demanded modern means, on the other hand there were politicians who were cutting money (lobbying and promoting personal interests played no small role).
We'll see what the future brings - tanks continue to be reckoned with, and those of our remaining T-72s will soon have reached the end of their useful life...
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589573 Version : 0
After all, there are plans to re-establish a tank battalion. If it had at least upgraded T-72s they would certainly last for a few years and the money could be invested elsewhere. A lot of end-of-life equipment has indeed been dumped in the 25 years that politicians have been crapping on the army. Now (after talmer 20 years) it probably wouldn't make sense to carry out this modernization. So either we run the "classic" T-72M1 or buy something else from abroad (questionable what, since there isn't much on the market). I doubt that another modernization (Czech or Polish) would be implemented.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589585 Version : 0
Maybe they'll pick up some Leopard 2s from the surplus ....
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589588 Version : 0
They just need to replace the optics and electronics in that tank, which they have been able to do in war-torn and sanctions-"suffering" Syria. The armour, guns and engine are still realistically modern (2A46MS is a new design, 2A42 is not old iron either, and the vz.95 machine gun is similarly state-of-the-art).
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589599 Version : 0
The recalibrated PKT is excellent, simple. I didn't even know it was made. SRP on the T-72 was offered by Sagem for the T-72 at one time, I think, and certainly something newer has been created since then.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589614 Version : 0
So maybe someone will remember this modernization and give it another chance. After all, the Poles also want to go down the modernisation route at the moment (although things are changing quite quickly and frequently in their country).
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#589615 Version : 0
Does anyone know the specs of the TIGS thermal imager shooter? I've only found them in Jane's Armour and Artillery Upgrades 2003-2004, but I'm interested in other sources. Maybe manufacturer's brochures or something similar.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#747934 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Pane kolego,
technické údaje o Thermal imaging gunner's sight (TIGS) od slovinské firmy Fotona naleznete na ruskojazyčných stránkách: BTVTinfo a Одетые в броню.
Lublaňská firma Fotona o tomto zařízení neinformuje, ale můžete ji oslovit přímo.
Odkazy:
btvtinfo.blogspot.com
odetievbrony.ru
https://www.fotona.com/si/#contact
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#747942 Version : 0
Thanks for the reply. Yes, I have already found these Russian-language sites, but they completely refer to information from "Jane's Armour and Artillery Upgrades 2003-2004 page 585" (there is a literal translation into Russian).
I want to find another independent source that talks about TIGS characteristics.
On Fotona's official website (is it the same company?) I don't see anything about military thermal imagers. Apparently they are now dealing with medical lasers

URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#747955 Version : 0
Thank you for your reply.
Yes, I have already found this Russian-language site, but it completely refers to information from "Jane's Armour and Artillery Upgrades 2003-2004 page 585" (there is a literal translation into Russian).
I want to find another independent source that talks about the TIGS features.
Are there no other options besides writing directly to Fotone? Maybe some other Slovak magazines where the T-72M2 modernization is written about.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#747958 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

V ATM číslo 9 / 1994 vyšiel o tanku článok. Prípadne ATM 07 / 2000, alebo Armáda 07 / 2000. Treba skočiť do knižnice, alebo zohnať ináč.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/T-72M2-Moderna-t29016#747959 Version : 0
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