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He was born in the small town of Briantree in Massachusetts (now part of the town of Quincy) and was the son of the second president of the United States, John Adams. He accompanied his father on his travels abroad, where he also studied in Paris and at Layden.
At the age of 14, he became private secretary to the American emissary in Russia. A year later, 1782, he was a member of the delegation negotiating peace with Britain. He then returned to the United States, where he completed his education by graduating from Harvard Law School in 1787. He was ambassador to the Netherlands in 1794, transferred to Portugal two years later, and served in Prussia in 1794.
In 1802 he was elected to the state senate of Masechuttsets, and in 1803 became, on the Federalist side, a senator in the state senate, in which he served until 1808, when he resigned, and soon afterwards also withdrew from the Federalist party and went over to the Republicans. From 1809-14, he was ambassador to Russia, and in 1814-15 he was a member of the delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, which marked the end of the War of 1812.
He remained in England as ambassador until 1817, when he was recalled to become foreign secretary in the Madison government in which he served until 1825. During his tenure at the State Department, he succeeded in gaining Florida from Spain in 1819 and became the architect of the so-called Monroe Doctrine of 1823, which rejected European interference in American affairs (the U.S. was particularly troubled by the situation in South America at this time).
Hence, he became an ideal candidate for President. However, his presidential career almost became his political grave. He competed for the presidency against Andrew Jackson, but he could not take defeat (he even accused him of using corruption to get into office) and sabotaged all of Adams' efforts throughout the 4 years of his inauguration from his generous program of promoting road building, education,commerce, industry and agriculture. The animosity between the two groups went so far as to split the Republican Party into Adams's National Republicans and Jackson's Democratic Republicans (later Democrats). Jackson also gained the upper hand over Adams by using details from Adams's personal life in the 1828 campaign. Jackson won 68% of the vote, soundly defeating Adams. The animosity between them was so great that Jackson refused, according to tradition, to visit the outgoing president, and Adams refused to ride with his successor to the Capitol in the same carriage. Adams, however, was partly to blame for his own election debacle, as he inherited his father's poor people skills, but he was hardworking and capable. Unfortunately, he had no opportunity to make a name for himself alongside the far more popular and unscrupulous Jackson. He is still remembered by American presidents to this day for introducing a tradition of fine cuisine to the White House.
Adams' later career was no less colorful. He was a member of Congress from 1831 until his death. He ran unsuccessfully for governor of Masechuttses in 1834. In 1841, he represented the rebellious African slaves from the Amistad.
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A small addition. In the presidential election of 1824 a very unusual event occurred. In the first round, Jackson won by a wide margin, but not a majority. Therefore, a runoff was held where each US state had 1 vote-in this round Adams won by a landslide. Given this, the animosity between Adams and Jackson is not surprising. Plus, the sabotage wasn't just about Jackson. Most politicians at the time understood that a mistake had been made and just waited 4 years for Andrew Jackson to become president. So I wouldn't just attribute it to Jackson.
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Just dodam, from presidents John Adams and John Quincy Adams were the only from the council of u.s. presidents to the year 1850, who didn't own slaves
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