URL : https://www.valka.cz/DEU-LFF-Lorenz-radiomajakovy-pristavaci-system-t122590#418328
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Radio beam landing system Lorenz with the guide beam method with listening and indication of deviation from the direction of the approach runway left/right by means of morse marks E (. dot) - T (- comma) /or/ A (. -) - N (- .) was developed in the 1930s and is commonly referred to as LandeFunkFeuer (LFF)abbreviated "Leitstrahl" or "BAKE" / Standard Beam Approach(SBA).
For landing, aircrews used a device consisting of: - course beacon(Ansteurung-Funk-Feuer/ AFF) - a transmitter operating on the VHF frequency of 30 - 33.3 MHz located in the extended axis behind the end of the VPD. For example, Ansteuersenders AS 2 with 120 W (1941), AS 3 with 120 W (1942) or AS 4 with 500 W (1943) Its antenna system consisted of 3 vertically mounted λ/2 dipoles a - Two radio signals ("markers") (Einflug-Zeichen-Sender / EZS 2) with a 38 MHz transmitter.
They were placed usually: - at a distance of 3000 m (referred to as "VEZ" - Vor-Einflugzeichensender) a - at a distance of 300 m (referred to as 'HEZ' - Haupt-Einflugzeichensender) in front of the threshold and in the axis of the VPD.
Their antenna system consisted of a horizontal λ/2 dipole.
There were also long-wave and short-wave radio communication transmitters and non-directional radio beacons for the on-board equipment -radiopolocompass or radio compass, used to "feed" to the airport.
During a landing manoeuvre using the LFF/SBA system, an audible signal in the headphones informed the aircrew of the exact "seating" on the runway axis, and visual information was provided to the pilot by the "needle" instrument AFN 1 or AFN 2.
In the case of "deviation" - the position of the aircraft to the left of the axis of landing, with increasing deviation, increasing dots were heard, and to the right - dashes.