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ZIG - a - Laville - PS 89 Лявиль-Кулев ЗИГ-1/ПС-89
Circumstances of its origin and development Approximately in the middle of 1930 the management of the state airline Aeroflot (Аэрофлот) stated that its primary long distance transport aircraft - types of the Tupolev the ANT-9 and Kalinin K-5, have already morally become outdated and really amount to but the intention is to somehow replace. From the new machinery mainly required to enlarge the speed of the at least one and a half times. Such a plane there was - CHAI-1 (ХАИ-1). This, however, was not yet ripe for mass production, primarily for problems with the mechanism of retraction and lowering of the chassis. Just for them with the introduction of charkovského model significantly prolonged. In this context, it was decided to draw up a technical assignment of the project čtrnáctimístného aircraft, for which the assumed speed to 300 km/h. Předpokládalase high reliability, for example, that the failure of one of the engines had to be machine able to continue flight to the nearest airport to the track. Processing and preparation of the construction took several collectives, but as a first built plane KB Laville. André Laville was one of the French aircraft designers, invited in r 1928do of the Soviet union organisations Aviatrest (Авиатрест). Most of them imagined they were going into the country, living still in the stone age. Confidently assumed that here happy to take any, even a raw project. When they were given to understand that it is necessary to work according to the plans of the soviet aviation industry, most of them came back home. Laville, however, remained. For some time, along with two other Frenchmen, he worked on the creation of a torpedo plane. In 1933 he was Laville invited to VVÚ GVF(НИИ ГВФ), where it was built to head the team, which was preparing to speed a personal plane. In the project counted with a great reserve of strength and reliability. The machine placed the best engines M-17f (М-17ф). Due to the constant complications in the development of retractable undercarriage, it was decided for now to keep the chassis solid. Considerable attention the designers paid increasing speed. Fuselage created a maximum aerodynamics, with a partially recessed by riveting. Chassis hid in the wind kalhotovém cover. The wings were slender, and in order to maintain the lowest possible landing speed, installed them bulky flaps. Other events is not quite clearly explainable - contract GU GVF with Andre Lavillem was terminated almost immediately after the completion of the development of the aircraft (or the contract was interrupted by the Lavillem?) and further work on the design and construction of the prototype has directed And. In the Kulev (А. В. Кулев). By the way, on the development of participated in the With. And. Lavochkin (С.А. Лавочкин ) - was commissioned by the calculation of the strength of the suspension engines. The prototype was manufactured in opravářském race GVF, which at that time bore the name of the first head of Aeroflot And. From. Golcmana (А.З.Гольцман). Therefore, the machine received the designation of ZIG-1 (i.e., the first model Golcmanova race - первая модель завода имени Гольцмана). The first flight took place in the spring of 1935. The machine has demonstrated quite good performance - maximum speed - 284 km/h (about 65 km/h higher than that of the ANT-9), the landing - 95 km/hr, altitude 4400 m. the Plane was easily controllable. Letovée test machine ended in may. It seemed that the ZIG-1 will soon be approved for serial production. However, 27. November 1935, the prototype was in a crash broken. During a glide to a landing in the amount of 50 metres occurred to the breakage of the horizontal tail surfaces. In the crash killed the chief designer of the aircraft And. In the Kulev and four-man crew led by commander N. In. Abljazovským (Н.В.Аблязовский) and dílovedoucím And. N. Speranským (А.Н.Сперанский). The commission has assessed as the cause of the crash of the oscillation, due to the detachment of the flow at the junction of the centerplane with the fuselage of the aircraft. In addition, they also found a manufacturing defect in the riveting of the main stabilizer. Since the characteristics of the looked tempting, it was decided to build the second prototype. Work continued under the leadership of ing. Peter Ivanovich Eberzina (Петр Иванович Эберзин). On the second prototype were amplified by tail surfaces and made a number of other minor adjustments. The aircraft was finished in the spring of 1937. Flight tests completed in may. Then, during the years 1937 - 1938, it was made of a series of six machines. Serial machines were given the designation PS-89 - transport aircraft factory no. 89 - ПС-89 - Пассажирский Самолёт завода №89 - (at that time Golcman got posthumously in contempt and his name was plant collected).
Because of protáhnuvším to the tests of the aeroplane came on the line Aeroflot in 1938. At that time there was this transport plane quite outdated. The flight characteristics of the aircraft, I did not meet, in particular, he was accused of having a low useful load. Even the passengers were dissatisfied with the narrow cab. And therefore no new orders came. On the lines eventually flew only six serial specimens and attached to them the second prototype. Hence the fact that in a variety of sources can be found indication of the manufacture of the 7 or 8 machines in total. The aircraft provided the line Moscow - Simferopol. Were examined the possibilities of operation of the PS-89 to other routes. In the summer of 1938 were carried out comparative tests with the plane PR-5 on the route Moscow - Irkutsk. From 29. September of the above 11. October 1938 With. Fokanov and With. Andreev on the PS-89 made a circular flight around the major cities of all 11 republics of the USSR, while outperformed 10750 km in 44 hours and 40 minutes. Then took a number of flights to the Far east. On some sections has been achieved speeds of up to 300 km/hour. Activity on the flights continued until the outbreak of the Great patriotic war. During this time, each piece flew several thousand hours without any accidents, which proves that the crash of the first prototype was mainly the work of manufacturing errors, not the overall concept of the airplane. The average travel speed was around 250 km/hour, payload - 1160 kg. The activity of the aircraft on the routes was completed in 1941.
Design- twin-engine low-wing all-metal construction with a smooth skin and fixed landing gear.
Fuselage - oval cross-section. Front bow section, after the closed two-seater cockpit. In her cabin for the passengers with 12 or 14 seats.
Wing - self-supporting. It consisted of a centerplane and the removable beams, set in the lower side into a slight dihedral. Centroplán rectangular, beams, trapezoidal, with a rounded end-the arch of the wings. To the centerplane were built gondolas of engines. The cross-section of the midsection was fat (18%). Cross section of the wing with the direction to the ends of the reduced. Mechanization - ailerons, landing flaps. The cover was cloth.
Engine - two piston engines in nacelles on the wing - a - M-17f - 500-730 PCS./ 367-537 kW, 12 cylinders In v, water-cooled, two-bladed propeller, fuel tank - 800 kg, oil - 60 kg.
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