Ukrajina

Ukraine
Україна
     
Název:
Name:
Ukrajina Ukraine
Originální název:
Original Name:
Україна
Hlavní město:
Capital:
Kyjiv Kyiv
Státní zřízení:
Government System:
poloprezidentská republika Semi-presidential Republic
Nejvyšší představitelé:
Heads of State:
-
Správní členění:
Administrative Structure:
24 oblastí, 1 autonomní republika, 2 města zvláštního významu
*1
24 Oblasts, 1 Autonomous Republic, 2 Cities with Special Status
*1
Úřední jazyky:
Official Languages:
ukrajinština + regionální Ukrainian + Regional
Měna:
Currency:
ukrajinská hřivna (UAH) Ukrainian hryvnia (UAH)
Ozbrojené složky:
Armed Forces:
Pozemní vojsko, Letectvo, Námořnictvo + Vnitřní vojska, Národní garda, Pohraniční stráž, Motorizované oddíly milice, Civilní obrana Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy + Internal Troops, National Guard, Border Guard, Militsiya Motorized Units, Civil Defense Forces
Mezinárodní organizace:
International organizations:
-
Rozloha:
Area:
603700 km2 233090 mi2
Reliéf:
Elevation Extremes:
 
Nejvyšší bod:
Highest Point:
Hoverla (2 061 m) Hoverla (2 061 m)
Nejnižší bod:
Lowest Point:
Černé moře (0 m) Black Sea (0 m)
Klima:
Climate:
mírný pás Temperate
Geografická poloha:
Location :
východní Evropa Eastern Europe
Sousední státy:
Neighbouring Countries:
Bělorusko
Maďarsko
Moldávie
Polsko
Rumunsko
Ruská federace
Slovensko
Belarus
Hungary
Moldova
Poland
Romania
Russia
Slovakia
Vznik:
Independence:
24.08.1991 od Sovětského svazu
24.08.1991 from the Soviet Union
Počet obyvatel:
Population:
45 644 419 (2011)
Národnostní složení:
Ethnic Groups:
77,8% Ukrajinci
17,3% Rusové
0,6% Bělorusi
0,5% Moldavčané
0,5% Krymští Tataři
3,3% ostatní nebo neznáme
77,8% Ukrainians
17,3% Russians
0,6% Belarus
0,5% Moldovans
0,5% Crimean Tatars
3,3% Others or unknown
Náboženství:
Religions:
pravoslavné křesťanství, řeckokatolické křesťanství a další Orthodox, Greek Catholic and others
ISO:
ISO:
UKR
Internetová doména:
Internet Country Code:
.ua
Časové pásmo:
Time Zone:
+2
Vlajka:
Flag:
Znak:
Coat of Arms:
Poznámka:
Note:
*1 - 1 autonomní republika a 1 město zvláštního významu byly anektovány Ruskem *1 - 1 Autonomous Republic and 1 City with Special Status have been annexed by Russia
Zdroje:
Sources:
http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine
commons.wikimedia.org
commons.wikimedia.org
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Ukrajina-t83329#516004 Version : 0
In ancient times, encroached on the territory of today's Ukraine discharge Scythians and Sarmatů. The black sea coast was at that time colonized the River. In 5. century bc. c. individual Greek settlements together, and so formed Bosporská empire based in Pantikapaion (today Kerch), which in various forms lasted until 4. century a. d. In the 3rd. to 4. century in the area north of the black sea established itself Gótská empire, which in the year 375 subvert the Huns.

Inland Ukrainian steppe areas have been in the time since the turn of the common era until the modern era a place where konstituovaly or which drove the nomadic tribes of the eurasian steppes into Europe. These were the Huns, the Khazars, the Avars, the Bulgarians or the Hungarians. In Pripjaťské the area between the rivers Dnieper and Dniester 6. century seems to be the genesis of the Slavs who subsequently settled a large part of eastern and central Europe. In the case of the territory of Ukraine was the eastern slav tribes Tiverců, Uličů, Poljanů, Volyňanů, Drevljanů, Dregovičů, Severjanů, Krivičů, Radimičů and Slavjanů.

In 9.-12. century a large part of the territory of today's Ukraine became the core of Kievan Rus, which dominated most of present-day Belarus and the european part of Russia. On the contrary, she could not control the southern steppe regions, on whose territory they were Pečeněhové and after them Kumáni (Polovci).

The decline of the Kievan Rus led to its disintegration into individual principalities, which subsequently in the 30's. years 13. century became the easy prey of the Mongols. The exception was The nodes of. Most of the territory of the former Kievan Rus ' then controlled the Golden horde. In the following century it was the territory of Ukraine is divided between Lithuania (north), Poland (west), Moldavia (Bukovina). Pimples since 11. century dominated the Carpathian Rus.

15. century this territory has been exposed to discharges of the Crimean Tatars and the Ottoman empire (south) and the Moscow velkoknížectví (north). However, most of the Ukrainian territories remained under Polish-Lithuanian control.


Polonizační and catholic pressure provoked Ukrainian resistance. On the lower Dnieper was formed the independent cossack republic called Zaporozhskaya At. In 1648 the outbreak of the uprising of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, whose aim was the establishment of a Ukrainian state independent of Poland. To but the own forces were not sufficient and it was necessary to find help. This led to the adoption of allegiance to the Russian tsar on the so-called Perejaslavské to the council in 1654. But it was really just a subjection, in most things, Ukraine had a high level of autonomy and at its head stood an elected governor.

The Russian-Polish war ended in 1668 the so-called Andrusovským truce, which Poland gave up the left-bank Ukraine, formally and Zaporizhia and Russia also received two years of management Kyjiva. The year 1686 confirmed the so-called eternal peace russia's possession of left-bank Ukraine, including Kyjiva. The right-bank Ukraine was occupied by Russia until the partitions of Poland, which took place together with Prussia and Austria, which occupied Galicia. Russia began on the occupied Ukrainian territory from the position of the stronger, and in the spirit of the time gradually tightening the screws, however this process was gradual. Began in 1709 after the battle of Poltava and terminated was for Catherine II. At the time Russia conquered the Crimean chanát and the black sea steppe, which allowed the Russian and Ukrainian colonization of this territory. Prince Potemkin had to build the so-called 'new russia'.

The territory of Ukraine was in the 19th. the century was divided between several Russian governorates and austrian Galicia. At this time arose a national movement, which led to the formation of the modern Ukrainian nation. The tsarist government reacted by denying the existence of Ukrainian national identity and repression, including a ban on the use of the Ukrainian language. The hard repression of the Ukrainian movement meant that its core continues to be developed particularly in austrian Galicia, where there were significantly more liberal conditions.

After the Russian February revolution occurred in march 1917 in Kyjivě the Central rada, headed by Mykhailo Hruševským, which in August declared autonomy within the Russian empire and after the October revolution then independence of their country. The bolsheviks but they didn't want this development to happen, and so they declared in December on the part of the territory of the Ukrainian soviet republic with the capital Charkivem. In February, the bolshevik troops managed to conquer Kyiv. In the same month, signed the Central council a separate peace with the Central powers, and asked Germany and Austria-Hungary for help. Their army soon occupied most of Ukraine and to the head of state in April 1918 helped to general Pavlo Skoropadsky. His government but it was after the departure of the German and austro-Hungarian units overthrown, and in December 1918, replaced by the government of the direktoria, headed by Symonem Petljurou.

In the years 1919 to 1920 took place on the territory of Ukraine civil war. First, most of the territory in April 1919 the Red army occupied the, in the second half of the year Děnikinova white army and in December, 1919, again by the Red army. During the russo-Polish war was a big part of the country occupied by the Polish army. Poland has previously joined the majority of the territory of the former Západoukrajinské people's republic of china, which was created after the collapse of Austria-Hungary on the territory of eastern and central Galicia and Bukovina with its capital in Lvivě. Thanks to the Ukrainian-Polish agreement was in Kyjivě briefly raised the government of the Ukrainian people's republic, however, the Red army, the Polish troops once again bounced back. In June 1920 he fell Kyiv and in October, the armistice was signed, which was subsequently 18. march 1921 confirmed Rižským peace. The west Ukrainian people's territory was given to Poland, východoukrajinská then the Ukrainian soviet socialist republic. It remained formally independent by 30. December, 1922, when it was incorporated into the Union of soviet socialist republics.

Ruthenia fell to Czechoslovakia, and Bukovina to Romania. Until 1934 was the capital city of Charkiv, then Kyiv.

In the autumn of 1939 the western part of Ukraine annexed to the USSR after the Soviet union together with Germany unleashed the second world war the robbery of Poland. In 1940 Stalin an ultimatum forced on Romania, the issue of Bukovina and Bessarabia, while the but not to the Ukrainian SSR connected whole.

In the years 1941-1944 it was Ukrainian territory occupied by Germany. It established a Reich commissariat Ukraine. The exception was the territory between the Dněstrem and the Southern Bug, the so-called Transnistrie, which was under Romanian administration. Cruel German occupation and the passage of the queue even more deepened the heavy human and material losses from the time of the bolshevik collectivization and industrialization. In 1945 it was Ukrainian territory extended to Carpathian Rus.

Resistance to communist power and rusifikačnímu process continued in the right-bank Ukraine until the beginning of the 50. years. In 1954, he was to the Ukrainian SSR attached to the Crimea.

Mitigation rusifikačního of the course occurred when, in 1963 to 1. secretary of the central committee of the communist party of Ukraine, he joined Petro Juchymovyč Murmur with his moderate and patriotic policy. In foreign politics it was a supporter of hard-line and a release for his era had its limits, however, enabled the the moderate revival of the Ukrainian nation support in cultural and educational areas, when supported Ukrainian writing of the writer or the issuance of Ukrainian-language books. A lot also supported the research of the history of the Ukrainian kozáctva. His interpretation of Ukrainian history is in many ways significantly deviated from the official soviet (i.e., great Russian) version. In 1972 Brezhnev Šelesta had to replace the Volodymyrem Ščerbyckým, which, in turn, launched another wave of russification of Ukraine, which ended only with the onset of perestroika, which allowed the activity of the patriotic movement Industry.

In 1991 Ukraine declared together with the Belarus independence..
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Ukrajina-t83329#516216 Version : 0





Nb.: are missing obdobie the Lithuanian and the Polish administration and in rokoch 1917-1922.
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Ukrajina-t83329#516236 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Chronológia vzniku Ukrajinskej republiky počas rozpadu ZSSR a jej ozbrojených síl:

16.07.1990 - Deklarácia o suverenite Ukrajinskej SSR (Najvyšší soviet Ukrajinskej SSR)

17.03.1991 - Referendum o zachovaní ZSSR, pri účasti 83,5% oprávnených voličov sa za zachovanie ZSSR vyslovilo 70,2% zúčastnených voličov, čo bolo najmenej zo všetkých zväzových republík, v ktorých sa referendum konalo.

19.-21.08.1991 - pokus o štátny prevrat v Moskve

24.08.1991 - vyhlásenie nezávislosti Ukrajinskej SSR (Najvyšší soviet Ukrajinskej SSR) a deklarácia, ktorou sa formálne preberajú všetky ozbrojené sily ZSSR dislokované na území Ukrajineskej SSR do jurisdikcie Ukrajiny

17.09.1991 - premenovanie na Ukrajinská republika

24.09.1991 - formálne vytvorenie Ministertva obrany Ukrajinskej republiky (vytváranie štruktúr sa začalo už 03.09.1991)

04.11.1991 - prijatie zákona o vytvorení Národnej gardy Ukrajiny, ktorej základom sa stali Vojská ministerstva vnútra Ukrajiny

01.12.1991 - referendum o nezávislosti Ukrajiny, 90,3% zúčastnených voličov sa vyslovilo za nezávislosť

06.12.1991 - ukrajinský parlament prijíma zákon o Ozbrojených silách Ukrajiny

08.12.1991 - podpísanie Bielovežskej zmluvy (oficiálne Zmluva o založení Spoločenstva nezávislých štátov) najvyššími predstaviteľmi Ruska, Ukrajiny a Bieloruska

10.12.1991 - ratifikácia Bielovežskej zmluvy Ukrajinským parlamentom

21.12.1991 - Almatská deklarácia, ktorou sa za zakladajúcich členov SNŠ považujú aj zostávajúce štáty ZSSR s výnimkou Litvy, Lotyšska, Estónska a Gruzínska. Súčasťou tejto deklarácie je aj faktické odobratie právomoci najvyššieho veliteľa Ozbrojených síl ZSSR z rúk prezidenta Gorbačova a udelenie týchto právomocí ministrovi obrany ZSSR maršálovi Šapošnikovovi

25.12.1991 - sovietsky prezident Michail Gorbačov podáva demisiu

26.12.1991 - deklarácia Najvyššieho sovietu ZSSR, ktorou je ZSSR oficiálne rozpustené

30.12.1991 - zasadanie predstaviteľov SNŠ v Minsku, kde sa rozhodlo o transformácii Ministerstva obrany ZSSR a Ozbrojených síl ZSSR na Hlavné veliteľstvo Spoločných ozbrojených síl SNŠ a Spoločné ozbrojené sily SNŠ

03.01.1992 - na základe rozkazu ministra obrany Ukrajiny začali jednotky umiestnené na území republiky skladať prísahu vernosti svojmu ľudu (text prísahy prijala Najvyššia rada Ukrajiny 06.12.1991 v Zákone o ozborjených silách). Do 20. januára zložilo prísahu 270 000 vojakov

14.02.1992 - Ukrajina sa nepripojila k podpísaniu vykonávacích dohôd medzi členskými štátmi SNŠ o vytvorení Spoločných ozbrojených síl SNŠ. Tento postup mal umožniť postupné rozdelenie Ozbrojených síl ZSSR medzi jednotlivé štáty tak, aby v prechodnom období bolo zabezpečené jednotné velenie a tiež ochrana vonkajších hraníc SNŠ. Z členskýh štátov SNŠ tieto dohody nepodpísala Ukrajina a Moldavsko, čím reálne Ukrajinské ministertvo obrany prevzalo kontrolu nad všetkými súčasťami Sovietskych ozbrojených síl dislokovaných na jej území. Voči tomuto postupu sa vyhranila Ruská federácia, ktorá si robila nároky na niektoré zložky dislokované na Ukrajinskom území - ako napr. časť síl Čiernomorskej flotily, či súčasti strategických síl. Najväčšie problémy sa prejavili práve v Čiernomorskej flotile, kde niekoľkokrát vypukli otovorené roztržky medzi proruskou a proukrajinskou časťou posádok. Situácia sa čiastočne ukľudnila po podpise Rusko-Ukrajisnkej dohody o spoločnom riadení flotily až do konečného rozhodnutia o jej rozdelení. K tomu došlo na základe medzištátnej zmluvy medzi Ruskou federáciou a Ukrajinou zo dňa 28.05.1997.

05.04.1992 Po neúspešných rokovaniach o osude strategických síl medzi Ruskom (SNŠ) a Ukrajinou prechádzajú strategické sily dislokované na Ukrajinskom území do jurisdikcie Ukrajiny.



Zdroj: archív autora
cis.minsk.by
ru.wikipedia.org
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Ukrajina-t83329#676708 Version : 0

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Dovoluji si předložit k studiu originální znění ukrajinské ústavy s vysvětlivkami.
Stav k roku 2019.


Ukrajina - Ukrajinská ústava knižně vydána v roce 2021. ISBN 978-617-7627-52-3

Ukrajinská ústava knižně vydána v roce 2021. ISBN 978-617-7627-52-3
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Ukrajina-t83329#743956 Version : 0

Diskuse

This post has not been translated to English yet. Please use the TRANSLATE button above to see machine translation of this post.

Chybí toho v té tabulce více. Na území Ukrajiny se etablovaly nebo část ukrajinského území držely ještě:


starověk:
- Bosporská říše
- Gótská říše


středověk:
- říše Pečeněhů
- říše Polovců (Kumánů)
- Chazarská říše
- Kyjevská Rus + po jejím rozpadu
- Volyňské knížectví
- Haličské knížectví
- Kyjevské knížectví
- Perejaslavlské knížectví
- Černigovské knížectví


- Zlatá horda


- Byzantská říše
- Krymský chanát
- Otomanská říše


novověk:
- ukrajinská autonomní entita ("hetmanát")
- Záporožská Sič
- Polsko
- Litva
- Polsko-Litva


WWI a po WWI:
- Ukrajinská autonomie v rámci Ruska od 1917
- nezávislí Ukrajina od 1918
- Ukrajinská sovětská republika
- Západoukrajinská lidová republika
- Polsko
- Ukrajinská lidová republika
- SSSR (od 1922, kdy se Ukr. sov. rep. stala součástí Svazu)
- Rumunsko (drželo Bukovinu a Besarábii do té doby, než ho vydíral SSSR v roce 1940)



Snad jsem na nic nezapomněl Smile
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Ukrajina-t83329#516392 Version : 0
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