Navedení ŘS - Kategorie, systémy, způsoby a metody navedení řízených střel

Missile Guidance

Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile[/heading]



Guiding the missiles to any point is one of the most complex tasks, which are in this issue addressed.

One thing is the theoretical solution, the second practical implementation. The management of the rockets (missiles) must ultimately take into account the multitude of external influences, such as weather, wind strength and direction, air temperature and humidity, for active systems such as jamming, decoys, etc.


Guiding the missile consists of:

1) System guide
2) the Method of guiding the
3) the Method of guiding the

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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Systems guide[/heading]




1. Systems guide


1.1 Remote system guiding the missile / Remote control Guidance (RC)
Remote system guiding the missile is such a system of guidance in which the missile changes its trajectory on the basis of information received from an external source.
There are systems which uses a continuous flow of information, and discontinuous flow of information.


1.2. System samonavedení missiles / Homing Guidance

System samonavedení missiles is such a system of guidance in which the missile changes its trajectory on the basis of the commands generated by the onboard homing warhead in conjunction with the on-board calculation system commands.
System samonavedení missiles can be directly part remote system help guide, but can also be linked to the remote or autonomous system guide, therefore, becomes part of the combined system guide.


1.3. The combined system of guiding the missile / Combined Guidance

The combined system of guiding the missile is such a system guide, in which they are used gradually to systems guide.
The combined system of guide can have two forms:
- in the initial and middle section of the route of the cruise missiles is used, the remote system guiding, in the final section of the then samonavedení;
- in the initial and middle section of the route of the missiles used by the autonomous system guidance (the guidance control system into the space), in a final section then samonavedení.


1.4. Mediated by a system of guiding the missile / Retransmission Guidance

Mediated by the system to guide missiles, very often called the TVM (guide through rocket - Track-Via-Missile) is such a system of guidance in which the target is illuminated station guide the missiles, tracked is the head of the rocket, the rocket is monitored by a station guide the missiles, and also fixes the calculation of the commands for the helm of the rockets.
It is the combination of multiple systems to guide and is used for guidance control system at a large distance (100 + km) when the jwe needed to guide the spacecraft with the maximum possible accuracy (especially anti-aircraft and anti-missile complexes).


1.5. The autonomous system guiding the missile / Autonomous Guidance

An autonomous system for guiding missiles is such a system of guidance in which the missile changes its trajectory on the basis of the commands generated by the only on-board system guide.
The target must be determined before detonating the missiles, after its launch it already cannot be changed, the control system is fully autonomous..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Categories of guidance systems of cruise missiles[/heading]



Categories of guidance systems of cruise missiles

A small breakout from the definition of systems leadership are the categories of guidance systems of cruise missiles.

Categories of guidance systems of cruise missiles are two:
- connecting the target (ofGOT - Go-On-Target);
- guide to a place in space (ofGOLIS - Go-Onto-Location-in-Space)

The categories are defined depending on what the target has missile act:
- against a moving target;
- against a stationary target.

Control system categories GOT can act against moving and stationary targets, control system category GOLIS can act only against stationary targets.

The trajectory of the flight control system is different just by the type of goal - in guiding on the moving target's trajectory is calculated according to completely different principles and criteria than when shooting at the target stationary. Due to the fact that shooting at a target moving is much more complicated, can control system category GOT to act even against targets stationary. At the same time it should be borne in mind that a moving target can be both a threat against the device, which control system released and therefore must be timely destroyed.

The trajectory of the flight control system category GOLIS is due to the fact that it operates only against fixed targets, much easier, and therefore also the control and computing systems of such a control system are much simpler than is required for the control system category GOT.

category GOT include systems guide:
1.1. Remote system guiding the missile / Remote control Guidance (RC)
1.2. System samonavedení cruise missiles / Homing Guidance
1.3. The combined system of guiding the missile / Combined Guidance
1.4. Mediated by a system of guiding the missile / Retransmission Guidance

category GOLIS include systems guide:
1.5. The autonomous system guiding the missile / Autonomous Guidance.
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Systems guide[/heading]




1.1 Remote system guide / Remote control guidance (RC)

Remote way of connecting is a way of guiding, in which the control signals for the steering blocks rockets created in the site launch (on board the aircraft - carrier, in the ground station guiding the rockets, etc.) and these are then transmitted to the on board guided missiles. It is the easiest system guide from the point of view of implementation.


- Remote system the guide consists of three components:

- a system of monitoring target;
- system monitoring of missiles (missiles);
- the system of calculating the commands to the helm.


the Transmission of control commands to the on board control system can be:

- addicted;
- independent.


Dependent transfer is implemented:

- the transmission of commands after the electric wire;
- the transmission of commands after the optical conductors.


Independent transfer is implemented:

- radio transmission of commands to the missile;
- laser transmission of commands to the rocket.


The first remotely controlled by the control system were the German air-driven wing of the bomb the Henschel Hs 293. Used there were two ways of transmission of control signals, namely the transmission of signals by radio waves and after the wire.

Control the flight of rockets was carried out directly by the operator, which using the control stick (something like a joystick) handled the rudder control system and by her guided to the target.

Contemporary systems of remote guidance are able to independently track the location of rockets using an optical sensor or radiolokačně. On the basis of the coordinates of targets and missiles calculated by the system commands for the helm of the rocket so that there was a clash of the rocket with the aim of with the probability of a given or higher, the operator guiding the then, there is only the pursuit of the goal.

Advantages of the system of the remote guide is the independence over the weather and the time of day or night time. Another advantage is considerable resistance to interference, which is, inter alia, given the secrecy of the system.

The shortcomings of the remote guide control system include the limitation of the maneuvering options of the carrier control system (in the case of discharges from the aircraft) and the need to track the target throughout the flight control system, which against him is active (this applies for all platforms).


Remote system guide / Remote control Input (RC):

1.1.1. Guide out of deliberate (COLOS - Command Off Line-Of-Sight)
1.1.2. the Guidance of deliberate (CLOS - Command to Line-Of-Sight)
1.1.3. the Guide after the beam (LOSBR - Line-Of-Sight Beam Riding Guidance).
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.1. Maneuvering out of a deliberate (COLOS - Command Off Line-Of-Sight)

This guidance system was developed and used as one of the first guidance systems of cruise missiles. It is used so far, especially when used for guidance of anti-aircraft missiles.

In this system use separate devices to track targets and to track missiles. This arrangement allows that the monitoring system targets can be routed completely different than the tracking system of missiles.

Guidance system ensures guiding the missiles to the target in such a way that it was destroyed and was prevented from completing its task.

This fact means, among other things, that the way to guiding the COLOS to their proper activity needs in addition to the two angular coordinates and the coordinate of the third, which is a long way. It goes without saying that these coordinates must have a how to on the target, so the missile on target guides.

That the way to guiding the COLOS to work properly, you must have both a tracking device captured and track the target, and the guided missile.

Tracking of targets and missiles in guiding the COLOS was practically always automatic, and as the search and tracking devices are always used and used radar detector..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.2. Guide to deliberate (CLOS - Command to Line-Of-Sight)

System CLOS uses the difference of the angular coordinates between the missile and the target to calculate the control signals for the missile in order to her encounter with the order.

A guided missile must move after the deliberate straight line (line of sight - LOS) between the launcher device and the target, and commands are then shaped to the rocket corrected its flight path accordingly, moving target.


Whereas, how much is the possibility of realization, is [b:him]a way of guiding the deliberate divided into four groups:

1.1.2.1. Manual way guide (MCLOS - Manual Command to Line Of Sight)
1.1.2.2. Polomanuální way of guidance with automatic monitoring of objectives (SMCLOS - Semi Manual Command to Line Of Sight)
1.1.2.3. Semi-automatic method to guide (SACLOS - Semi Automatic Command to Line Of Sight)
1.1.2.4. an Automatic method to guide (ACLOS - Automatic Command to Line Of Sight).
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.2.1. Manual method guidance (MCLOS - Manual Command to Line Of Sight)


In manual method the guidance is the monitoring of targets and missiles manually, missile control is carried out also manually.

The operator monitors the flight missiles, which uses some kind of indicator system. At the same time passes on the rocket such commands to move through the junction between the operator and the order - after the deliberate straight line (Line Of Sight - LOS).

Manual way of the guide is typically designed for slower targets where precise management objectives is not required.

If there was a manual way guide used for moving bombs or missiles anti-surface warfare targets (ships) or for example in supersonic control system Wasserfall against slow operating of the bomber B-17 Flying Fortress, so worked reliably and was successful once but the speed began to increase, stop suit..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.2.2. Polomanuální way of guidance with automatic monitoring of targets (SMCLOS - Semi Manual Command to Line Of Sight)


When polomanuálním way of guiding is the goal of monitored automatically and the missile is guided by hand..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.2.3. A semi-automatic way of guidance (SACLOS - Semi Automatic Command to Line Of Sight)

In the semi-automatic method of guiding is the goal pursued by hand and the missile is tracked and controlled automatically.

A semi-automatic way of guidance (SACLOS) is similar to the manual method of guidance (MCLOS), the guided missile is monitored and guided by automatically, thus greatly eased the role of the operator, who must manually monitor only the target, which is considerably easier than having to track the target and missile.

The semi-automatic method to guide has another advantage in that it allows especially in the initial phase of the flight such location of the missiles, when it is for the operator hidden (not visible). Its operational use is also as a rule much easier.

The semi-automatic method to guide is most often used when the action against tanks and against fortified ground objects..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.2.4. Automatic removal method guide (ACLOS - Automatic Command to Line Of Sight)


When the automatic method of guiding is the goal of monitored automatically and the missile is tracked and managed automatically..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways guide[/heading]



1.1.3. Guide after the beam (LOSBR - Line-Of-Sight Beam Riding Guidance)


System "Guide after the beam" uses radio, radar or laser beam, which is aimed at the target and detectors placed at the stern of the cruise missiles keep it in the center of this beam.

To focus the beam on the target is often used something like a semi-automatic way of guiding SACLOS (target is tracked manually, the beam is focused on the target automatically), it doesn't have to be the rule. However, there are also systems in which the beam at the target aimed by an automated radar system.

A fundamental shortcoming of the system guide after the beam is increasing inaccuracy with increasing distance from its source, because that is "blurry" and so is the evaluation of its center (energy maxima) is more difficult and less accurate.

Guide after the laser beam is more accurate, because the laser radiation has a much shorter wavelength and thus it can be molded into thinner volume. Its disadvantage is in the fact that considerable influence on its intensity and variance can have adverse weather or smoke screen..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Systems samonavedení[/heading]



1.2. System samonavedení missiles / Homing Guidance


In the system samonavedení missiles is the goal pursued by the homing head of the rocket, the data are processed on board, where is also produced in the autopilot of the needed signals for the rudder so there was a convergence of the rocket with the target with the required accuracy.


System samonavedení can be implemented in one of three ways:

1.2.1. Active samonavedení (Active homing)
1.2.2. Semi-active samonavedení (Semi-active Homing)
1.2.3. Passive samonavedení (Passive homing).
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways samonavedení[/heading]



1.2.1. Active samonavedení (Active homing)

Active samonavedení is such a way samonavedení, when the missile itself (her homing heads) both transmits and receives the tracking signal, it evaluates and depending on your board via the autopilot calculates the commands for their management, therefore, everything takes place only on your own board the rocket.

Practically only uses radar active samonavedení, other sources of the emitted signal, which should be kept on board the missile control, can be realized very difficult, or cannot secure the proper directions of the irradiation target signal other than the radar.

The disadvantage of radar method samonavedení is the intensity of both the energy source and the dimension of the antenna. The smaller the target, which we need to irradiate and track, the greater the arise demands on the performance of the transmitter and sufficiently accurate evaluation of the position of the target, therefore is required a bigger dimension of the antenna. The small missiles with active radar samonavedení so far praktycky not in use. Equally disadvantageous ratio (claims on the dimension of the antenna and the transmitter power) is also in the case of increasing the distance of the shooting.

The most common active radar samonavedení used in protilodních, protizemních and anti-aircraft missiles odpalovaný from the air, which are equipped with homing missile (Homing head). Postřelované targets are considerably large, and regardless of whether located on land, on the surface of the sea or in the air. When shooting at aerial targets are used almost exclusively on large bombers.

A typical representative as cruise missiles AMRAAM and R-77..
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Category, systems, ways and methods of guiding the missile - Ways samonavedení[/heading]



Homing head (Homing head)

Fire and forget (Fire-and-forget)



Fire and forget (Fire-and-forget)

Fire and forget (Fire-and-forget) is such a method samonavedení, which is applied to the missile, which does not need after the deletion of any additional monitoring or irradiation of the target, or control after the wire, beam, radio, etc., just is absolutely autonomous with the fact that it is not home to any space, but a specific goal observes and guides him, the target may be moving. In addition, from the launcher may not be the target viewed.

This is an important property of the missiles, because they are actually passively protected persons, devices and carriers that it blew up and in addition not to the point of engagement of the rocket with the aim to a target or a missile track or radiate.

In general we can say that the information about the target is in the guided missiles inserted before it goes (here it is meant to be even the only scoring in the relevant area or sector).

This can include coordinates, radar measurements (including velocity) or infrared or visual image goals.

Then, what is a cruise missile launched, is on target to home using gyroscopes, accelerometers, GPS, on-board radars, infrared optics, television cameras, or a combination thereof.

Some systems allow correction of the selection of the target even after firing the missiles during its flight.

However, compared with these methods are a means utilizing a method of guiding Fire and forget (Fire-and-forget) protected from the use of modern active protection system.


Homing warhead (Homming head)

Homing warhead (Homming head) is automated measuring device installed on a self-guided rockets, and is designed to detect targets on the background area and measure the parameters of the corresponding movement and position of the missiles and the targets that are used to produce commands for rocket control.

Homing warheads accept the energy that the target emits or reflects and the receiving sensor are always mounted directly on the missile.

To the target tracking can be used different kinds of radiation:
- radio / radio
- optical / optical
- infrared (thermal) / infrared (thermal)
- ultraviolet / ultraviolet
- acoustic / acoustical

depending from where, or what, is the source of the radiation, homing warheads divided into:

- active homing heads (active homming head - AHH) - the source of radiation is placed on the missile:
--- active radar homing warheads (active radar homming head - ARHH)

- semi-active homing heads (semi-active homming head - SAHH) - the source of radiation is connected with the ignition device / carrier missiles:
--- semi-active radar homing warhead (semi-active radar homming head - SARHH)
--- semi-active laser homing warhead (semi-active laser homming head - SALHH)

- passive homing heads (passive homming head - PHH) - the radiation source is the target:
--- infrared homing warhead Infra-Red (Homming Head - IRHH)
--- ultraviolet homing warhead (Ultraviolet Homming Head - UVHH)
--- fotokontrastní homing warhead (Photo contrast Homming Head - PCHH)
--- tv homing head (Television Homming Head - TVHH)
--- radar homing head to a source of electromagnetic energy (Radar Homming Head on Jammer - RHHOJ).
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