Flotové uskupení námořní pěchoty [1933-?]

During the 20. years XX. century, the share of the marine corps on amphibious operations got bigger, although she had run one a number of years before these became his main focus. In 1921 it was the Forward base clusters (Advance Base Force) in Quantico replaced by the Expeditionary group of the corps of the marine corps (Marine Corps Expeditionary Force). Emphasis was placed on support of the navy. In the years 1924 and 1925, this group participated in the large-scale maneuvers in the Caribbean sea and in Hawaii. In 1927 associated the army and navy, the council adopted a recommendation to the marine corps, and due to the close relationship with the navy, went through special training for the leadership of the amphibious combat. Due to contemporary circumstances, but not for the rapid implementation of plans and vision. Large contingents of marines in that time in addition were located abroad, mainly in Nicaragua and China. On the establishment of an effective amphibious force was in short supply of finance nor the team. The change brought the year 1933. At the time it was completed download of a large part of the marines withdrawn from abroad. The then Corps commander marine corps major general John H. Russell went to the chief of naval operations and convinced him of the practicality of his plan. He reckoned with the fact that the crew of the Dispatch group in Quantico will be replaced by a qualitatively different command, which is pushed through the name of the Command flotových forces of the marine corps (Fleet Marine Force). It should govern the formation of the forces, which would not be affected by regular interruptions of training and sending part of the forces to other tasks. This grouping was to become an integral part of the Flot of the United states (For. With. Fleet) under the operating management of the commander of the Flot of the United states (Commander in Chief, U. With. Fleet). Russell's proposal was received positively, which on paper, materialized in the General order no. 241 of 7. December 1933, which the secretary of the navy (the Secretary of the Navy) has set up a Headquarters flotových forces of the marine corps (Fleet Marine Force, abbreviated as FMF). This administrative step laid the foundation for the future the main activities of the marine corps.

Shortly after the formation of FMF, which at that time zastřešovalo about three thousand members of the marine corps, the School of the marine corps at Quantico prepared an operational manual for the management of the amphibious fight, which has established a philosophy of command relations, modern concepts and techniques for the controlled movement of vessels on the bank, possible means of communication between the vessels and the forces on the coast, doctrine for air and naval fire support, the disembarkation of the assault troops and supplies and the basics the organization of the units after the landing. The material was released under the name Preliminary manual for landing operations (Tentative Landing Operations Manual). During the following years was the handbook, the navy adopted as the official doctrine. After certain modifications was introduced in the army. In September 1935 with headquarters Headquarters flotových forces naval infantry moved from Quantico to San Diego. FMF at that time possessed two brigades. 1. the brigade was stationed in Quantico, 2. brigade together with the headquarters FMF moved to San Diego. In the context of the marine corps in Quantico established Výstrojní and ordnance department council (Equipment Board), which should oversee the development of resources for the management of the amphibious combat. This authority is significantly involved in, for example, on the development of amphibious tractors, which were in the amphibious battles in the Pacific, a fundamental role.

From February 1934 the units of FMF participated in the annual maneuvers Flot of the United states. In the Pacific were the maneuvers held off the coast of California, in Hawaii and on the Midwayských islands, in the Atlantic in the area of the Caribbean. In the years 1936 and 1938, these maneuvers included the participation of units of the army, but in 1939 the army refused to continue its units on the exercise broadcast, which left the amphibious combat more or less the marine corps. When in September 1939 in Europe, the war broke out, had the marines less than 20 000 members. However, along with the other components of the armed forces began to Chorus with the expansion to 25 000 and the preparation for the participation in the war. In the fall of 1940 went 1. brigade from Quantico to Cuba, in the Caribbean has undergone intensive amphibians training. To 1. February 1941 was set up 7. a regiment of marines, which is on the island of Culebra joined 1. the brigade, which was on that day přetransformována on 1. division of the marine corps. The same day she was like 2. the brigade changed to 2. division of the marine corps.

In this time of expansion, paradoxically, there has been a downturn of its own FMF, which was temporarily-seamless in the training command. In accordance with war plans occurred to allocate the 1. marine division of the Atlantic flotě and 2. division marine corps Pacific flotě. Defense battalions of the FMF set up in 1939 were in the same assigned to other headquarters.

...


At the time of entry into the war had a Corps of marines 65 881 officers and members of the team. Of this number, about 3 400 men guarded the overseas naval base, and around 4 000 men served in the odřadech on board ships. A further 27 000 men formed the crew in coastal facilities and guarded naval base in the continental united states. The largest part, more than 31 000 officers and members of the team, served just in the ground and air units of FMF, which formed the main striking force of the Corps.



Sources:
Rottman, Gordon L.: US Marine Corps 1941-45, Osprey, 212
Garand, George W. Bush. - Strobridge, Truman R.: History of At the.With. Marine Corps Operations in World War II. Volume IV: Western Pacific Operations, 1971.

In 1894, Congress instructed the Corps to the marine corps mission to establish and defend outlying naval base, however, the stimulus for the establishment of what later came to be known as Flotové group of marines, was the american-Spanish war of 1898. In her distinguished career 1. battalion of the marine corps (the 1st Battalion of Marines), which was put together from the crews on the east coast. Numbered 657 men, had five infantry companies and one company three-inch landing guns. Cuba successfully made a landing in for the guantánamo bay. In the Manila bay in the Philippines have carried out a similar operation detachments of the marine corps from jednotlivách vessels of the navy. On the contrary, in the bay of Santiago de Cuba hit the us navy on the problem. The Spanish vessels were able to lock in the bay, but their presence did not bombard the city from naval guns. The united states had to send out . army corps with 17 thousand members. It took transport from Florida two weeks ago and then needed a month to force the city to surrender, as they had to fight their way through a prepared defensive position. Admirals believed that it could achieve much faster of the roughly one-third of the amount of marines, who would have arrived much faster and the fighting is just over an impromptu defensive position. But such a group of marines at the time simply was not available. Success 1. battalion commander at Guantánamo, and the demand for more power has forced the then commandant of the marine corps major general Charles Heywood, who previously held view that the marines should continue to focus mainly on the protection of the naval bases and vessels of the navy to submit a proposal for the creation of clusters of about 20 thousand men. It should be made up of well trained and armed marines, who formed a kind of contingency expeditionary formation, which would be in case of need able to quickly conquer and successfully defend overseas naval base. The proposal was received positively, indeed, the us navy looked to the still larger distances, and it required the base for the replenishment of fuel and other supplies, which it was but necessary to protect. Things sedaly in motion, however as always it went relatively slowly. The highest officials of the navy, although decided in 1901 to be a permanent battalion of the marine corps. In rhodeislandském Newport in that year, I actually started training the activities associated with the forward bases, but only in 1910 was in connecticut New London formally established the School for advanced base (Advance Base School). In the following year the school moved to the Philadelphia, where she remained until moving to Quantico in 1921. On the same site as the school originated and třísetčlenný Battalion for forward bases (Advance Base Battalion) in the Barracks of the marine corps of the Philadelphia shipyard (aMarine Barracks, Philadelphia Navy Yard). Several odřadů the marine corps from the shipyard it was built into a permanent expeditionary rot with exactly one hundred members. Should continue to be in charge of the safety of the yard, however, it was possible to is as required to deploy into combat.

The navy after the war with Spain increasingly involved in overseas, but not enough bases. Obejvily even ideas on the acquisition of mobile bases comprised of several coal, repair, supply and hospital ships, and floating dry docks. Congress was reluctant to fund the setting up of permanent bases outside of the U.S. and at the same time the american audience intently watched the cruise of the Great white flot around the world in the years 1907-1909, which signaled that the us navy intends to play in the world a more active role than has hitherto been the case. Interested in the concept of the outposts have only increased. In 1913 it was in Philadelphia established Group of marines for advance base (Marine Advance Base Force). Its basis formed 1. brigade for the forward base (1st Advance Base Brigade), which had two regiments - 1. regiment (permanent defense) (1st Regiment (Fixed Defense)) and 2. regiment (mobile defense) (2nd Regiment (Mobile Defense)). The task of the brigade in case of need defend or to conquer and defend an overseas naval base in the context of expeditionary operations or maritime operations. This was one of the first attempts in modern history of the american armed forces on the creation of a vševojskové formation. 1. the regiment consisted of companies a five-inch coastal defense works, the company's three-inch coastal defence works, minovací platoon, a sapper company and the junction company, while the 2. the regiment had two battalions of two rifle company, a platoon of automatic weapons (light machine guns), and company three-inch landing guns. Group had also the air detachments with two seaplanes, which were lent by the navy. Both regiments in case of need can be reinforced kasárenskými companies.

The battalion and then even the newly established structure should be busy, even when it came to action, which did not correspond to the original assignment. Between war with Spain and the first world war were members of this grouping deployed during the expeditions and operations to protect american citizens and interests overseas. Inter alia, it was about protection fun center in Beijing during the boxer uprising and the subsequent permanent fun guard, three landing in Panama, two of the landing in Honduras, landing in Korea, Syria, Colombia, the Dominican republic and Tangier, the pacification of Cuba and three of the occupation of this island, occupation of Nicaragua, Haiti, the threefold occupation of the Dominican republic and the occupation of the mexican Vera Cruz, where it was first deployed to the new groups. Singling out members of the marine corps, therefore, function as a kind of the intervention grouping of the Ministry of foreign affairs. The landing at Vera Cruz in 1914 proved the ability of the members of the group to lead the expeditionary operations, even though it actually kind of wasn't their originally intended task. In the harbour had landed, as was the custom, sailors and marines. While sailors have suffered in the fighting from house to house heavy losses, the regiment of the marine corps didn't come on any man. More already the sailors as landing formations used were not.

In the period of the first world war was the concept of clusters for a forward base upozaděn. A large part of the marine corps was deployed in France. Part in the form of 4. brigade of marines, which was deployed on the front line in part 2. division and consisted of 5. and 6. the regiment of the marine corps, part of the in the form 5. brigade of the marine corps, which consisted of 11. and 13. the regiment of the marine corps. 5. the brigade was not deployed on the front line, her mission was to provide the guard and other services for the benefit of Hq supply service AEF. Regiments in France had a significantly increased table numbers. 3. and 4. a regiment of marines in the meantime occupied the Dominican republic, while the 2. a regiment of marines stayed in Haiti and 7. a regiment of marines in Cuba. In the autumn of 1917 was, however, a concept revived. 8. and 9. a regiment of marines stationed in Texas, and in Cuba were prepared to intervene in case of German efforts to break into the Caribbean or in the case of a threat to mexican oil fields in the Tampico. 9. the regiment was in 1918 moved to Texas and along with 8. regiment were included under 3. the brigade of the marine corps, which was subordinate to the Group of marines for advance base. 1. a regiment of marines was reactivated in Philadelphia as a formation for the permanent defence in the framework of the Group of marines for advance base. The regiment had batteries of five-inch guns of the coastal defense and two minovacími and světlometnými companies. In mid-November 1917 were these batteries and the company set aside and to become a part of the Heavy artillery groups (Heavy Artillery Force), while the 1. a regiment of marines was reorganized on a pedestrian unit. Set up was a Mobile artillery group, which possessed a light artillery battalion, one medium artillery batteries and two anti-aircraft batteries. Group of marines for advance base was extended to the junction, engineer and air company, and also a squadron of armored cars. In April 1918 he was set up anti-aircraft battalion, and in July of the same year, connecting battalion. Group of marines for advance base was to 1. October 1919 renamed on 1. grouping for forward bases (1st Advance Base Force). The same data was on the west coast in San Diego at the same time set up 2. grouping for advanced base (2nd Advance Base Force). 2. clusters possess a 4. regiment of the marine corps. In July 1920 gained 5 more. a regiment of marines. 1. group moved to Quantico.

The us navy in the first world war finally realised its new strategic orientation, as it became clear that the US can easily be drawn into a global conflict. In 1920 he established the organization to ensure the occipital and services, which in the interwar period several times changed the name. Grouping for advanced base was directly linked with the repair and supply tenders this maritime formation. Meanwhile significantly declined interest in the amphibious operations conducted against the enemy defense. Role was played by the annoying british experience in Zeebrugge and Galipoli, the experience with the deployment of the marines on the standard infantry front in France and the growing american izolacionizmus. Corps the marine corps has seen a marked změnšování the number of its members. Indeed, the then president Maritime high school war rear admiral William S. Sims expressed the view of the navy that the landing is a matter on which just a demonstration of power in the form of a strong maritime clusters, which will convince the defender of the futility of the efforts of the defense. Then just a handful of sailors and marines, who, during the surf arrive at the port and take the surrender. Located in a separate ward, there were two schools of thought. One favoured at the base of the kits experience the deployment of the marine corps as an elite infantry formation. The second, on the contrary demanded the further development of the doctrine of amphibious operations and the deployment of marines to the conquest and defense of the outposts. Only this feature could distinguish from the army, because the original role of the service on vessels of the navy gradually disappeared and the function of surveillance of naval bases, american embassies, and in the interwar period temporarily and postal trains might not be enough to justify the existence of the corps, as he could first become a second land army and in the end could be both folders combined, with a much larger army would samozřejěm straining at the stronger end of the rope. This amphibious school stood for the Operation plan 712-H, which was drawn up in 1921 and bore the name of the Operation for forward bases in Micronesia. The plan envisaged the conquest of Karolín, Marshall ostovů and Palauských islands to support the operations of the american flot in the event of war with Japan. The author of the plan, major Earl H. Ellis stated that is not enough for members of the choir were able-bodied foot soldiers and gunners with high morale. I think it was necessary to be at the same time experienced fighters in the middle of the coastal waters and jungle. The plan was to integrate the expeditionary group of marines to the Orange plan, then the plan of the war with Japan. Regardless of these theoretical plans worked, then, the chorus primarily as colonial infantry. The congregation was during the so-called banana wars almost continuously deployed in the fighting in Cuba, the Dominican republic, in Haiti, in China, in Nicaragua. An interesting element was to ensure the reconstruction of battles from the time of the civil war. This activity at least served as a kind of substitute for the classic exercises of the larger units..