As part of the final settlement with the rebellious Czech states and the Czech King Henry Frederick (Hereditary Prince of the Palatinate) elected by them, two enemy armies entered Bohemia in the autumn of 1620.
From the beginning of the war, which Italy declared to Austria-Hungary on May 23, 1915, the main goal of the Italian army was to conquer the Austro-Hungarian port city of Trieste. She tried it a total of eleven times - in eleven battles on the West Slavic river Soča ( Isonzo ) around the town of Gorica ( Görz, Gorizia, Gurize ). Despite a significant numerical and material superiority over the Austro-Hungarian army, it did not fulfill this task. Since Italy declared war on its other former ally, Germany, on August 17, 1917 , it took part in the last, twelfth battle of Sochi (the Battle of Caporetto), in addition to the exhausted, ethnically and qualitatively diverse Austro-Hungarian army in all respects. more powerful German army ...
The two world wars ensured the worldwide spread of modern firearms in such quantity and quality that the firepower, allowing even small European military units to win in colonial conflicts over the significant superiority of the natives, has definitely disappeared. Armored vehicles, so effective on European battlefields, were essentially useless in the mountains and jungles of exotic battlefields with sparse or non-existent road networks. Certain advantages were brought only by the Air Force, either as air support of ground units or as a perfect means of transport in the field without navigable roads. The way of thinking of graduates of European military academies was characterized by the fact that instead of the disappearance of the predominance in small arms and ( more or less unnecessary dominance in armored vehicles ) they clung to the predominance of aviation. Combined with the underestimation of the enemy and the complete ignoring of reality, this attitude resulted in the defeat of the French army at Dien Bien Phu ...
The two world wars ensured the worldwide spread of modern firearms in such quantity and quality that the firepower, allowing even small European military units to win in colonial conflicts over the significant superiority of the natives, has definitely disappeared. Armored vehicles, so effective on European battlefields, were essentially useless in the mountains and jungles of exotic battlefields with sparse or non-existent road networks. Certain advantages were brought only by the Air Force, either as air support of ground units or as a perfect means of transport in the field without navigable roads. The way of thinking of graduates of European military academies was characterized by the fact that instead of the disappearance of the predominance in small arms and ( more or less unnecessary dominance in armored vehicles ) they clung to the predominance of aviation. Combined with the underestimation of the enemy and the complete ignoring of reality, this attitude resulted in the defeat of the French army at Dien Bien Phu ...
The war with the enemy, which is generally considered to be less advanced by civilization, is still a very unpleasant affair for any army. Just because the greatest victorious battle in such a case does not bring any glory, as it is somehow taken for granted, while every lost skirmish is immediately marked as proof of the extraordinary incompetence and dilettantism of army commanders ...
In November 1914, units of the British Colonial Indian Army under Major General Aitken launched an amphibious assault on the port of Tanga in German East Africa, defended by the German colonial army under Lt. Col. von Letow-Vorbeck. Although the British had a multiple predominance in manpower and an absolute predominance in land and naval artillery, they suffered a defeat which - like their other "famous" African defeat at Isandlwana - reached the Guinness Book of Military Mistakes ...
Bohuslav Balbín of Vorličná (Bohuslav Balbinus in Latin ) was a Czech writer, historian, hagiographer and pedagogue. As a priest, a member of the Jesuit order, he participated in re-Catholicization, as a patriot he was one of the defenders of the Czech language. He is one of the most important personalities of the Czech Baroque.
On the evening of May 23, 1915, at 7:00 pm, the war began. On the same day, Captain Jaschke relocated the battalion headquarters to the nearby Alpseehotel hut on Lake Constance and ordered his two hundred soldiers, armed with only two machine guns, full combat readiness. Needless to say, although the Italian command was aware of the declaration of war itself, it somehow failed to tell some of its units of the day and time when the hostilities would break out. And so the alpines of the 7th Battalion did not learn about the war until the morning of the next day, when the Austrian artillery began shelling them ...
Mountain Lagazuoi Piccolo ( 2756 m ) together with the opposite Sasso di Stria ( 2477 m ) form the Passo Valparola saddle, through which the strategically important road from Cortina d'Ampezzo to the Val Badia and Val Pusteria valleys passes. In the pass, the Austrians built the fortress of Tra i Sassi, which was to prevent a possible Italian attack from the nearby mountain pass Passo Falzarego to the north.
Marmolata is a large rock massif approximately 25 km southwest of Cortina d´Ampezzo. Its highest peak is Punta di Penia ( 3,344 m ), through which the border between Austria-Hungary and Italy ran until 1919.
"This whole section was hell for the soldiers. Strategic importance commanded him to keep him worthwhile, so every hour was paid for with blood and life. Within a few kilometers, the monstrous drummer did not rest, and even at night the cannonball whistled occasionally, roaring in silence, leaving an echoing menacing and noisy. Monte Passubio, as the mountain was called, was the worst. The devils know the curse that haunted this place. The enemy was beaten and beaten like a race, so that after two years of onslaught it was found that the maintenance of this dangerous island was not so important and that its conquest did not achieve any significant military success. Sometimes the fiction of generals is strange ... "
After the end of the Austro-Hungarian spring offensive ( 1916 ), the front in the area of the plateaus of Folgaria, Lavarone and Asiago ( Altipiano ) settled on the line Monte Pasubio-Monte Maio-Monte Cimone-Roana-fortress Interrotto-Monte Mosciagh-Monte Zebio-Monte Chiesa- Monte Campigoletti-Monte Ortigara. The Austrians thoroughly fortified their mountain positions, so they had no problem repelling several Italian local attacks as early as the summer of 1916, including two aimed at the northernmost tip of the line - the Monte Ortigara massif.
Monte Zebio, six kilometers north of Asiago, has been a central pillar of the Austro-Hungarian defensive line between Monte Ortigara in the north and the former Italian fortress of Interrotto above Asiago in the south since the summer of 1916.
My grandfather, Karel Oktábec ( October 30, 1894 - December 18, 1956 ), was born early enough to take part in the entire First World War. At that time it was called " World " or " Great ". And he died too soon to hear his experiences in person. I was six years old and there were a lot of things that interested me more than the war. Despite the fact that humanity has meanwhile managed to repeat the "world" one more time. The " grandfather " was left with his military diaries, letters, and field postcards. That was quite enough. Later, I sometimes read something to my grandmother. However, she also died, and before her death she burned both diaries and letters. She must have had a reason for that. Only those postcards remained. And also Grandpa's personal records in the Military Historical Archive. From these limited sources, this attempt arose to review the grandfather's military career ...
My grandfather, Karel Oktábec ( October 30, 1894 - December 18, 1956 ), was born early enough to take part in the entire First World War. At that time it was called " World " or " Great ". And he died too soon to hear his experiences in person. I was six years old and there were a lot of things that interested me more than the war. Despite the fact that humanity has meanwhile managed to repeat the "world" one more time. The " grandfather " was left with his military diaries, letters, and field postcards. That was quite enough. Later, I sometimes read something to my grandmother. However, she also died, and before her death she burned both diaries and letters. She must have had a reason for that. Only those postcards remained. And also Grandpa's personal records in the Military Historical Archive. From these limited sources, this attempt arose to review the grandfather's military career ...
An Arab attempt to extend the " House of Islam " ( Dar al-Islam ) to Europe across the Iberian Peninsula failed on October 25, 732 with a lost battle at Tours in southern France. It was followed only by the evacuation of the conquered territories and in 1492 the final departure from the European continent. After the Arabs, first the grateful task of Islamizing Europe was taken over first by the Seljuk, then by the Ottoman Turks ...
From the beginning of the war, which Italy declared to its ally Austria-Hungary on May 23, 1915, the main task of the Italian army was to conquer the Austro-Hungarian port city of Trieste. Under the command of Marshal Luigi Conte di Cadorny, she tried to do so a total of eleven times - in eleven battles on the West Slavic river Soča.
The Czech knight, later the Czech lord Jindřich Michal Hýzrle of Chody ( 1575–1665 ) lived at about the same time as the famous captain of the French royal musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore, Count d'Artagnan ( ca. 1611–1673 ). Both noble warriors were similar in something - both were professional soldiers, both began their careers through patronage, and both were able to fully enjoy all the joys of life that met them. Here, however, all similarity ends. While the Count d'Artagnan allegedly excelled not only in his military abilities but also in his political abilities, especially foresight and sharp judgment, this cannot be said of Mr Hýzrle, even with the best of intentions. On the other hand, Mr. Hýzrle is the author of his own memoirs, while the so-called Memoirs of Count d'Artagnan, on the basis of which Alexandre Dumas wrote his immortal novel The Three Musketeers, is a later literary hoax. Which is another difference between these two baroque cavaliers, this time definitely in favor of our Mr. Hýzrle ...
The Czech knight, later the Czech lord Jindřich Michal Hýzrle of Chody ( 1575–1665 ) lived at about the same time as the famous captain of the French royal musketeers Charles de Batz-Castelmore, Count d'Artagnan ( ca. 1611–1673 ). Both noble warriors were similar in something - both were professional soldiers, both began their careers through patronage, and both were able to fully enjoy all the joys of life that met them. Here, however, all similarity ends. While the Count d'Artagnan allegedly excelled not only in his military abilities but also in his political abilities, especially foresight and sharp judgment, this cannot be said of Mr Hýzrle, even with the best of intentions. On the other hand, Mr. Hýzrle is the author of his own memoirs, while the so-called Memoirs of Count d'Artagnan, on the basis of which Alexandre Dumas wrote his immortal novel The Three Musketeers, is a later literary hoax. Which is another difference between these two baroque cavaliers, this time definitely in favor of our Mr. Hýzrle ...
Francis Joseph I (August 18, 1830 to November 21, 1916), the Austrian emperor, the Czech and Hungarian king of the Habsburg-Lorraine dynasty, ruled for a record 68 years. He ascended the throne at a time when the witnesses of his great-grandmother Maria Theresa were still alive, and ended in the days that our great-grandmothers still remember. He was not only the longest reigning Habsburg, but - with the exception of Prince Johann II of Liechtenstein, who ruled for a total of 71 years (1858-1929) - also the longest reigning monarch ever. For a generation of our grandparents, he was the ruler of the state in which they lived, and if there is such a thing as historical continuity, he is in a sense a former ruler for our generation. So let's see what kind of monarch it really was ...
A brief overview of the Hussite military and the course of the Hussite wars.
Since the time of the Prophet Muhammad, it has been the most sacred duty of every Islamic ruler to expand the territory of the Islamic Empire at the expense of the territory of all misguided unbelievers who have not yet accepted the teachings of the Prophet.
Fighting for the Folgaria-Lavarone Fortress (1915).
Few of our historical figures provoke such contradictory reactions in most people as the Hussite governor Jan Žižka from Trocnov. They tend to be either unconditionally admiring or, on the contrary, unconditionally condemning. According to some, he was a capable military leader and an avid patriot, according to others, he was a capable military leader, but at the same time a ruthless murderer and robber.
At least everyone who read Hašek's Švejk knows about the existence of one-year volunteers in the Austro-Hungarian army. After all, Jaroslav Hašek himself was one of them, although he did not do well in this position. This article is an attempt to clarify how the term "one-year volunteer" originated and what its content was ...
In the 18th century, three massive bastion fortresses were built in Bohemia: Hradec Králové ( 1766-1789 ), Terezín ( 1780-1790 ) and Josefov ( 1781-1791 ), whose task was to protect the northwestern border of the Austrian Empire against a possible Prussian invasion. How they fulfilled this task is the content of this article ...
After the conquest of the Johannitic island of Rhodes and a series of successful campaigns in the Middle East, the Balkans and Hungary, the Turkish Ottoman Empire reached its largest history in history. And because the appetite grows with food, the Turkish Sultan Sülejman I the Magnificent ( 1494-1566 ), called by the Turkish historians of the Legislature, decided to occupy the island of Malta as the basis for further progress to the western Mediterranean, the new seat of the expulsive Knights of St. John ...
The mistake of the teacher of the nations
The last battle of the Thirty Years' War was the battle that most likely decided the continuation of the lands of the Czech Crown in the Habsburg Monarchy and proved with final effect that if the Czechs wanted something, it was not the return of the Comenius "government yourself" ...
Thanks to qualitative changes in armaments and tactics, the material and time requirements for the training of soldiers gradually increased to such an extent that already at the end of the sixteenth century untrained "amateurs" from the provincial milita had no chance against military professionals. Thus, as in the late Roman period, the war again became a lifelong vocation for soldiers. Unlike antiquity, however, medieval mercenaries were not hired by the state, but - in today's terminology - by military entrepreneurs who received a so-called "patent" from the state (monarch), entitling them to recruit a certain number of soldiers.
Immediately after the Prague defenestration, the more moderate Estates wrote an apology letter to Emperor Matthias in which they explained in a complicated way that they all thought differently than it seemed - that they tried to kill the high emperor's officials in his own interest and for his own benefit. This caused a war that over the next thirty years devastated a substantial part of Europe.
Unlike the villagers, the inhabitants of the walled cities could be sure that if they remained behind the walls, nothing bad would happen to them. Of course, until these walls are raided by the regular army. This was especially true of the inhabitants of the capital of the Czech kings - Prague, whose fortifications, built in the mid-fourteenth century, were in recent years at least partially adapted to the latest military developments and therefore had some prospects to withstand raids by robber groups of deserters and maroders, and armies as well.
From a purely military point of view, the last battle of the Thirty Years' War ended just as the whole war ended - indecisively. In such a case, both opponents are in the habit of claiming that they won. Nothing against it. The Swedes conquered and retained Hradčany and Mala Strana (and most of Bohemia and Moravia), while the emperors did not conquer anything, but they retained at least the rest of the city. Ideal situation for historians of both sides.
Orientation table of military ranks used during the Thirty Years' War, list of Prague city officials during the siege, list of officers ... List of literature.
“Te Deum laudamus! We praise you, God! “Crowds of Praguers sang at the thanksgiving services, which took place on November 6, 1648 in the Týn Church and in the Old Town Square in front of it. On the same square where twenty-seven years ago the heads of twenty-eight Czech (albeit mostly German-speaking) nobles and burghers, who de facto started the Thirty Years' War, fell ...
In 1878, Swedish Protestant pastor Otto Witt bought his trading post from the widow of Irish merchant Jim Rorke on the border of Britain's Natal African Protectorate and the independent kingdom of KwaZulu to turn it into a center for the spread of the Christian faith among the Zulu. After the outbreak of the British-Zulu War in January 1879, the station was taken over by the British army, which used it as a supply base for an invasion of their territory ...
We've heard a lot about the Hussite wars ( or the Hussite revolution, if you will ). Less about what preceded them and why they actually started. No wonder. These were religious wars, and we went to school at a time when the religion was "scientific" materialism. The following article is a small attempt to at least partially close this information gap ...
In addition to the nobility, at the turn of the 14th and 15th centuries, the "secular lords" also included royal cities, which were not only privileged centers of crafts and trade, but in many cases also owners of agricultural land in their vicinity, and thus lordly lords.
The operation of the three papal courts was, of course, quite expensive. The usual fees and taxes could not be increased or listed indefinitely, and so all the incumbent Holy Fathers began to sell so-called indulgences on a large scale. According to Catholic doctrine, forgiveness is the remission of punishments for sins imposed by the church or God and which are either served on earth or must be served in purgatory. Of course, only those sins that have already been forgiven at confession can be forgiven in this way. For example, instead of fasting on bread and water, a penitent can be cleansed by prayer and almsgiving.
Not only in England, but also in Bohemia, preachers sought a way to redress the church and society. The German Konrád Waldhauser, who was invited to Prague by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV., Rebuked not only church dignitaries, but also nobles and burghers for its extravagant life. He condemned women's fashion and most of the more pleasant (and therefore sinful) aspects of life. He is said to have been a great success among German-speaking listeners.
The visit of Hus's sermons in the Bethlehem Chapel became an essential part of most social life for most Praguers. No wonder. The pulpit meant the same for medieval man as the newspaper, radio, television, and the Internet meant for man today. The impressive media productions of the chubby, but allegedly strongly charismatic preacher were visited not only by rich and poor burghers, but also by nobles and prominent members of the royal court. Occasionally, the king's wife, Sophia, came to listen to the popular preacher.
The spreading reputation of Bohemia as a paradise for heretics eventually led to the intervention of the monarch himself. Wenceslas IV, allegedly at the urging of his wife Zofia, a regular visitor to the Bethlehem Chapel, called on the archbishop to revoke the curse and to compensate the owners of the burned books. In addition, Hus defended himself with several letters of intercession addressed to the Pope.
In the summer of 1414, King Sigismund of Luxembourg, Roman and Hungarian, agreed with Pope John XXIII. to convene another ecclesiastical council in Constance, where the sad affair with the Triad was to be finally resolved. Apparently they agreed on other things as well, because Sigismund invited Jan Hus to this council and offered him the opportunity to defend his views before the highest ecclesiastical body.
Hus's death provoked in Bohemia exactly the reaction that Cardinal Zabarella and other more prudent participants in the Council of Constance expected. Resistance and outrage. Hatred. While in May 250 Czech nobles protested in Constance, in September 1415 almost twice as many - 452 - affixed their seals to another protest letter.
Encouraged by the example of the highest places, Czech lords and knights began to occupy church property. Some to help the church in its return to evangelical poverty, others to help protect it from this help. The consequence was objectively the same in both cases - the church was poor ...
After the king's death, events took an unprecedented turn. As Vavřinec of Březová writes, the very next day, ie August 17, 1419, “some of the common people, or the common people, gathered and, with the consent of the Old Town Mayor Jan Bradatý, ran without fear of churches and monasteries in the city of Prague and broke and destroyed organs and paintings of churches, especially those in which communion was not allowed in any way ... "
Václav Koranda Sr. first appears in the sources in 1414 as a parish priest from Pilsen and an enthusiastic spreader of the ideas of Master Jan Hus. As early as 1417, however, the leading master of the University of Prague, Křišťan of Prachatice, rebuked him in writing that while the followers of the chalice had previously praised and admired him for his eloquence and perseverance in defending the Truth, they now paused to throw images of saints from the church. and omits at worship everything that is not directly documented in the Bible. In short, Václav Koranda put all his eloquence into the service of chiliasm and declared Pilsen the chosen City of the Sun.
Václav Koranda and his faithful in Pilsen were waiting for the arrival of Jesus Christ more and more impatiently. The supply was dwindling, the royal army made it impossible to replenish them, and the priests were right to fear that even the most fiery sermons on the salvation of souls would soon be drowned out by the rumbling stomachs of the listeners.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War.
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Jan Amos Comenius and the last battle of the Thirty Years' War
Between 1932 and 1935, the Fort Eben-Emael artillery fortress was built on the rocky bank of the Albert Canal, on a rocky hill twenty kilometers north of Liege, Belgium, six kilometers south of Maastricht in the Netherlands, and 35 kilometers west of Aachen, Germany. It is the largest building in the Belgian interwar fortifications, with a total area of about 75 hectares, strong artillery and a crew of about 1,000 soldiers. From 10 to 11 May 1940, 55 German paratroopers eliminated her from the fight ...
La Ferté Fortress was the first fortress of the legendary Maginot Line to be conquered by the Germans. And it was far from the last ...
In an effort to save the inherited empire, on October 16, 1918, Emperor Charles issued a manifesto on the transformation of the ancient Austro-Hungarian monarchy into a federal state. On October 23, the Hungarian parliament responded by calling on Hungarian troops to return home and defend the integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary. Naturally, they all gladly obeyed and began to leave the Italian front en masse. After this actual disintegration not only of the Austro-Hungarian army, but also of the Austro-Hungarian state, on October 24, 1918, British, French and Italian troops launched an offensive on the Piava and in the Monte Grappa area ...
When Jan Hus went to the church council in Constance in the autumn of 1414, he hoped that in the promised public disputation he would defend his views, which the church called heretical. However, at the coveted public hearing in June 1415, his ideas of a university-type discussion quickly took hold. The council, whose main task was to resolve the question of the existence of three popes ( and he had already succeeded in doing so ), did not intend to discuss with him. He expected only one thing from the defendant - that he would lift his delusions as soon as possible and accept the punishment he deserved ...
The course of World War I on the Italian front.
Austro-Hungarian spring offensive on the Plain of Seven Villages (1916).
In the first half of the 19th century, the territory of Tyrol and Carinthia lay deep in the interior of the Austrian Empire, so there was no need to pay special attention to its defense. The only significant fortifications of this period were therefore the Franzensfeste fortress, protecting the entrance to the Brenner Pass, and several small road closures, such as Nauders at the Swiss border.
After the end of World War II, France did not intend to give up its pre-war Indochinese state, composed of a total of five territorial units: Cochinchina, Annam, Tonkin, Cambodia and Laos. The result was a nine-year war in which it lost not only almost 50,000 fallen soldiers, but also its position as a first-class power, severely shaken by the humiliating defeat at the beginning of World War II and the subsequent more than helpful cooperation of its Vichy government with Germany and Japan ...
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