Počet pevnostních komplexů: Number of Fortress Complexes:
22
22
Délka pevnostního celku: Length of the Fortress Complex:
600 km
375 mi
Hloubka pevnostního celku: Depth of the Fortress Complex:
0-30 km
0-20 mi
Zahájení stavby: Start of Construction:
DD.MM.1834
Dokončení stavby: Completion of Construction:
DD.MM.1915
Bojové využití: Combat Use:
DD.MM.1915-DD.MM.1918 1. světová válka DD.MM.RRRR-DD.MM.RRRR
DD.MM.1915-DD.MM.1918 1st World War
Současný stav: Current Condition:
zachovalý
well maintained
Poznámka: Note:
-
-
Zdroje: Sources:
Kurt Mörz de Paula - Der österreichisch-ungarische Befestigungsbau 1820-1914 (Wien 2000)
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Rakousko-uherska-opevneni-na-hranicich-s-Italii-t110019#425154
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Chronology of defending the South Tyrol and Carinthia
1. period (1833-1840)
In 1832 he received major general Franz von Scholl (1774-1838), a regional fortification director in the then austrian Veneto, tasked to handle the project of the fortifications of the two alpine passes (Brennerpass and Reschenpass), which led the way from the Southern to the Northern Tyrol. The result was the construction of the fort Franzensfeste (1838) and uzávěrového fortu Nauders (1840). To the construction was in both cases used granite blocks.
2. period (1860-1880)
After a twenty-year break, continued construction of the south tyrolean fortifications several other objects, intended primarily for the damming of important roads not only on the territory of the Tyrol (Buco di Vela, Dos di Sponde, Fort Rocchetta, Fort Gomagoi, Fort Ampola), but also in Carinthia (Predil). Different destination should be the only coastal artillery battery San Nicola, built on the northern edge of lake Garda, in the town of Riva del Garda.
In 1866, lost to Austria's war with Prussia and had his Italian allies (whose army in this war, defeated!) surrender Lombardy and Veneto. From South Tyrol and Carinthia it became a border province, whose fortifikačním security was entrusted to engineer colonel Daniel baron von Salis-Soglio (1826-1919). Under his leadership, northeast of the city Trient (Trento,Trento), the seat of the administrative offices and key communication node lying on the river Adiži (Etsch), built in 1872 strength cap Civezzano, which přehrazoval the road and the railway track leading along the narrow gorge of the river Feltra. The cap consisted of three stone object (Fort Civezzano main, top and lower), partly sunk into the rock walls of the gorge, and in the following period became part of the inner defensive line of the fortress of Trient.
For the diversity of architectural solutions and the characteristic building material, which were in all cases of regular blocks of granite, is a building style of the forts from this and the preceding period sometimes referred to as "trientský (trentinský) style".
3. period (1881-1900)
The year 1881 was the function of the engineer chief of the Military command in Innsbruck appointed colonel Julius ritter von Vogl (1831-1895). He decided to turn the mountainous territory of South Tyrol in one huge fortovou fortress, whose core (noyeau) would be the fortress of Trient protected by the forts of the inner ring, while the role of this kind of fortification ring outside would implement strength caps přehrazující all the viable access routes.
Due to the nature of the mountain terrain it was not possible to build fortovou line in the usual way, i.e. as a system of mutually supporting objects distant and close paleb, and colonel Vogl came with the idea of a modified "single" fortu (Einheitsfort), which would in a single object, structurally adapted to the field conditions, not only slučoval both types of firing points (as was the case with the uniform forts of the olomouc fort), but in addition also included all the facilities needed for the life of the crew and would be adapted to a circular defense. It was therefore a kind of miniature a separate fortress. In the literature sometimes this Voglův type fortu referred to as the"mountain fort".
In the early 80's. years 19. century won Vogl consent of the command of the army to use armoured casemates, observation bells, and artillery towers. The first fort, which was in the framework of the reconstruction equipped with two rotating armored turrets with 12cm guns, in 1882 became a carinthian Werk Hensel B. Its towers were supplied by the German company Gruson, since 1886 it is, however, in the license began to produce Vítkovická mining and metallurgy section of the company. The production of the later types have been involved in the pilsen škoda works, which the towers osazovaly 10cm howitzer M-9 custom design.
The basic building material of all forts has continued to rock since the mid 80's. years however (in accordance with pan-european trend) began to increase their resistance to use also concrete, which have been accentuated in particular the ceilings of older buildings.
Voglovu the concept of the defense of South Tyrol fundamentally changed the field podmaršál Franz Xaver Josef Conrad von Hötzendorf, who in the autumn of 1906 took up the position of chief of the general staff of the austro-Hungarian army. Because he was convinced that (yet) the allied Italy will sooner or later try to get south tyrol, západokorutanská and dalmatian territories belonging to the Austro-Hungarian empire, considered it necessary to prepare the austro-Hungarian army as a priority on the war with this adversary. For this reason pushed for the strengthening and modernization of the south tyrolean fortifications, including the construction of two additional closures (Folgaria and Lavarone), protecting access to Trientu from the south-east. The objects of these new closures, built mainly of concrete and armed with 10cm houfnicemi in a revolving armoured towers, were placed just at the border, so their guns could support a possible attack own units on the Italian territory. Similar objects were also added some of the older caps (especially the cap Tonale). At conrad's behest was the year of 1912 in the valley of the river Adige also begin the construction of the cap Etsch-Arsa, whose task was to protect the approaches to Trientu from the south.
5. period (1914-1918)
1914 war actually broke out, but not with Italy, but with Serbia and Russia. The austro-Hungarian command, however, about the Italian intentions had no illusions, especially when most of the military units from their southern borders had to send to the Serbian and Russian front. Continued therefore, in an intense fortifying in particular jihotyrolského the territory of an enemy invasion on three sides.
Fortification work was driving the engineer director of the fortress of Trient colonel Franz Seraphin Edler von Steinhart (1865-1949). As an experienced fortification expert knew, that forty of the first three periods are not able to withstand the fire of the contemporary heavy artillery, he ordered, therefore, move their arms into rapidly built infantry and artillery position on the mountain tops and ridges. Then, when in may 1915 the Italian army actually attacked, he thanks Steinhartovým measure her progress in depth jihotyrolského territory negligible, while against it stood only several-fold weaker force of local militia, artillery and hastily přivelených departments of the regular army...
Zdroje: Kurt Mörz de Paula - Der österreichisch-ungarische Befestigungsbau 1820-1914 (Wien 2000) Edmund Glaise von Horstenau - Der österreich-Ungarns Letzter Krieg, 1914 - 1918 (Wien 1931) http://fortifikace.bloguje.cz/ de.wikipedia.org
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Jižní Tyrolsko roku 1914
URL : https://www.valka.cz/Rakousko-uherska-opevneni-na-hranicich-s-Italii-t110019#388220
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